Fences Play According to Aristotle Essay

Using Aristotle’s descriptions of Tragedy, I classify Fences by August Wilson as a tragic play. The elements of tragedy, Troy Maxson as a tragic hero, and tragic plot were evident throughout the play. Also, the feeling of catharsis at the end-which is proper of tragedy, was clearly identifiable. I. Fences fits into the tragic genre based on the points given by Aristotle. In Poetics, he defines tragedy as â€Å"the imitation of an action that is serious and also as having magnitude, complete in itself.† †¢ Aristotle’s idea is that the plot has a beginning middle and end and all parts follow each other in concise fashion. o In the beginning, the hero is a garbage man, who previously was given a chance to participate in professional baseball, becomes the first black to drive a garbage truck, is loved by his wife, looked up to by his friend, Bono and receives demanded respect from his sons Lyons and Cory. o In the middle, the hero confesses to his wife that he is going to be a daddy to another woman’s child. He struggles with his son Cory and ultimately loses the love and respect of his family. He needs to ask Rose to help him raise his baby and be her mama. He also admits to the infant that he is scared. Act II Scene 3 p. 73 â€Å"And right now your daddy’s scared cause we sitting out here and ain’t got no home.† o In the end, the hero dies. By then a lonely man who is no longer respected by his family nor has the admiration of his friend. Troy’s believes fate is his downfall. He thinks the color of his skin is the decisive factor in the workplace, the playing field and the street. (Pereira 42) †¢ A complex plot includes reversal and recognition. o Troy is happy and stress free when with Alberta. Even when he tells Rose, she continues to stay with him until later when she issues an ultimatum. Act II Scene 1 pg. 66 â€Å"†¦I’m responsible for it. I locked myself into a pattern trying to take care of you all that I forgot about myself.† His belief of providing for his family and his refusal to accept that other people had ideas and times were changing kept him stagnant in life. o Alberta then dies during childbirth. Troy sees how he has lost everything and challenges death to stay away until it is ready to take him. II. Using Aristotle’s description of a tragic hero in Poetics, Troy Maxson,  the main character in August Wilson’s play, Fences, is an example of a tragic hero. †¢Aristotle describes a tragic hero to be a â€Å"man who is not eminently good and just, yet whose misfortune is brought about not by vice or depravity, but by some error or frailty†. This means the hero need not be perfect nor a villain, but basically good and decent. His downfall usually results from a tragic flaw or error in judgment, not due to wickedness. †¢ In Chapter 15 of Poetics, Aristotle says â€Å"the character will be good if the purpose is good†. o Troy’s intentions for his family are good. He provides a paycheck to his family, handing the money over to Rose each Friday, he wants Lyons to get his own job and support his wife and stay out of trouble, and he wants Cory to be educated and find a good job to support himself. o Act 1 Scene 3 pg. 39-40 â€Å"†¦Itâ €™s my job. It’s my responsibility! You understand that? A man got to take care of his family. You live in my house†¦sleep you behind on my bedclothes†¦fill you belly up with my food†¦cause you my son. You my flesh and blood. Not cause I like you! Cause it’s my duty to take care of you†¦Ã¢â‚¬  †¢ Aristotle says â€Å"the second thing to aim at is propriety†. o In the book, August Wilson, The African-American Odyssey, Kim Pereira says â€Å" Troy becomes a slave to bitterness which stunts the development of his full potential as a father, husband and friend. â€Å" o Troy’s believes responsibility is the greatest virtue and his aim is to be a provider for his family. While Troy’s behavior is dominating and unaffectionate, his aim is to be the provider of his family and to make sure that they do not suffer the injustices he did. o â€Å"If a hero is one who goes into a battle that he may or may not win, Troy Maxson possesses, in full measure, the †¦warrior spirit†¦he wants complete satisfaction or nothing at all. The promise of change is empty; he cares only about change itself†¦The so-called realities of the social world around him matter little, for he dances to an internal rhythm, answering a call for self-authentication that springs from a cultural, even cosmological, dimension.† (Pereira 38) †¢ Aristotle then says in his descriptions, â€Å"Thirdly, character must be true to life: for this is a distinct thing from goodness and propriety, as here described.† oTroy fits a character who would have lived in the 1950’s, having experienced discrimination, an abusive father and a changing society towards African-Americans in that period. o Troy says in Act 1, Scene 3 pg. 37 â€Å"†¦The white man ain’t gonna let  you get nowhere with that football noway.† Troy’s beliefs ran true to his experiences all through the play. †¢ The last characteristic of a tragic hero is that he must be consistent. o Troy was consistent in his belief that the black man could not get ahead in America. o He behaved and learned from the examples given by his own father. o â€Å"The events of almost a century had underscored the distinction between de jure and de facto. Legally, blacks had been free for ninety four years, but practically they had little or no access to any of the benefits that ordinary citizens take for granted-recourse to the law, equal employment opportunitites, education.† (Pereira 36) III. Troy’s tragic flaw is in trying to protect his family and discover himself in the process. His frailty is colored by his experience with racism (especially in professional sports) and his inability to accept that times are changing. †¢ Troy says Cory should make his own way in the world, but it is he who won’t let him take a chance. †¢Troy’s desire to prevent his son succumbing to the same outcome in sports ends with Troy trapping him into the same lifestyle by not allowing him to grow and refusing to believe that times have changed. o â€Å"I don’t want him to be like me! I want him as far away from my life as he can get†¦..I decided seventeen years ago that boy wasn’t getting involved in no sports. Not after what they did to me in the sports† (39 Fences). †¢ Troy’s excuse for betraying Rose is because he has been standing on first base for ever. He doesn’t relate this to anyone else in his family who have stood right behind him. †¢ â€Å"Troy has inherited the legacy of fear of emotional commitment†¦Troy has never learned to receive and give true love† (Monaco) IV. â€Å"Despite his flaws, or, perhaps, because of them, he taught his family how to â€Å"take the straights with the crooked†; to recognize and play to their strengths; â€Å"not to make the same mistakes†¦to take life as it comes along and keep putting one foot in front of the other.† As all of them move toward their individual destinies, they have a surer sense of who they are and a greater instinct for survival because of Troy Maxson.† (Monaco) †¢ â€Å"Like his father, Cory believes that denying his father is the â€Å"way to get rid of that shadow† (Fences 89). o When Cory decides to go to the funeral, he has come  to accept his father’s faults and looked to the man himself. Singing the song of Blue with Raynell†¦..Cory demonstrates that he can embrace the song of his father without becoming his father. (Monaco) †¢ â€Å"†¦Wilson shows that it is only through the willingness to face and accept the forces of the past that the protagonists will be given hope, power, and ultimately, deliverance.†(Monaco) †¢ Troy is contained by death while the others are able to move on in their lives. o Cory has joined the Marines and is getting married, Rose is involved with church and raising Raynell, Gabriel is in the hospital, Bono is happily married to Lucille and Raynell has a family. Troy is contained by death. The play Fences definitely fits Aristotle’s description of Tragedy. Troy Maxson was a tragic hero, although he gave us reasons to believe he was not worthy of this title. In the end, his lessons and actions are what spurred his family into survival and healing and gave them a positive outlook and the ability to move forward in the changing future ahead of them.

Defense Information System

Defense Information System (DIS) refers to a military global protected telecommunication network that simplifies the conveyance of information in a worldwide space. It is driven by transmission requirements, security demands, and geographical needs of the targeted end-user groups (Soomro 2016). Centrally, it is designed and managed to provide a long-haul information transfer. Furthermore, it is configured to provide a more sophisticated point –to-point exchanged voice and data, teleconferencing video and image services. The DIS offers an integrated operational standard user services to satisfy the connectivity requirements. It is a digital-based defense strategy, that facilitates access to vital information across the globe through efficiently designed services such as information assurance, data services, multinational sharing of information and computer hosting. Moreover, DIS forms a key spectrum of military force operations which include defensive tactics, humanitarian efforts, offensive tactics as well as counterterrorism (Stahl, 2008). The ultimate goal of Defense information system is to help in achieving information governance by providing an effective infrastructure that may be of an advantage to the user in a combat.On the other hand, ethics refers to the prescribed code of conduct which are morally justified to administer the defense information system. Major ethical issues involved herein include privacy of information, Access to information, information accuracy and right to Intellectual property. Rapid growth in information technology through its improved dimensions for communication, computation, surveillance, retrieval and storage has sounded an alarm on privacy matters (Kizza, 2007). This is to say that, the unethical retrieval of data and access to information by unauthorized persons has greatly threatened the privacy of integrated security systems networks. Therefore, principles of ethics agitates for protection of privacy policies in relation to access of every sensitive information. Information accuracy is another ethical issue of concern. Upholding to an inaccurate information is misleading hence, it is a sole responsibility of the defense information system to be vigilant in pursuing the accuracy of its information. Imperatively, they should be certain that their information are based on facts as opposed to fiction (Stahl, 2008). The final ethical issue in defense information system is the right of intellectual property. This forms the most complex right faced by many in the contemporary society and the military is not an exemption. Substantial ethical concerns surrounding this stem from the information traits which makes it transferable. Any Defense Information system information is believed to be costly (Stahl, 2008). Furthermore, once produced, it is easier to copy and transfer to others. This makes it difficult to safeguard such information due to its intangible nature. It is worth noting that several institutions such as copyrights and patents have come in to managed and protect the rights of intellectual properties. The worldwide process is narrowing the space steadily as a result of what Kant describes as the public use of reason. Information Technology has greatly improved the effectiveness of the Defense Information System. It has enabled quick decision making through enabled rapid access to functionalities of creating, finding, using and sharing of the needed information. Quicker access to information by commanders from anywhere has also improved control and commanding. Additionally, it has also accelerated the speed of actions thus heightened the ability to coordinate all security issues across the globe. Other expeditious contributions of information technology on DIS includes improved cyber security, improved information security postures, as well as the defense effectiveness. However, the state territory is privately constrained by certain interests which differ from the individual reflection concerning the general subjects in a public domain. The greater disparity therefore emanates from the free public use of internet and other media due to their enormous private control. Since information is provided on demand in our cloud computing era, access to web-based tools by users via browsers has led to abstraction of customer details, which has raised questions of privacy and transparency. Ethics in relation to privacy of information for both individuals and organizations have been heavily affected negatively as a result of technology (Mingers, 2010). On this aspect, cyberspace has posted more security threats to nation-states in a context of increased dependency of worldwide networks and computer based interactions. Cyber-attacks, scams, image manipulations, infringements to computer systems and copying particular unauthorized software demonstrates the unethical practices facing the defense information system unit. It is therefore imperative for stiff ethical measures to be put in place to hasten security of the nation states with the advancements in technology. Contemporarily, no state agency can apply control to privacy to prevent the exposure of one's close secrets to others (Zizek, 2013). Regarding to the larger size of data, computers have failed to interpret and register multi-millions of data therefore making it difficult to detect suspicious message making state communication of information more unsafe. However, the defense information system has not been much helpful due to increased illegal malpractices according to Snowden and other whistleblowers. On this regard, denouncing of the public authorities and engaging in public use of information has greatly threatened the secrecy of individuals (Snowden, 2013). In conclusion, defense information system is a telecommunication network enabled system designed to simplify the transfer of information across the globe. It was majorly implemented by the military operational forces in United States which include defensive tactics, humanitarian efforts, offensive tactics as well as counterterrorism. The ultimate goal was to achieve control of information by providing an effective infrastructure for users in a combat and to improve on the general security across the globe. However, ethical issues in defense information system include Privacy of information, accuracy of information, access to information and the Property right. Despite of the drawbacks, DIS has remained focused to work with the new technological innovations and achieve their set missions.

Unhealthy Diets

Final Draft Compare and Contrast: Unhealthy Diets Fast food as we all know; its tasty, handy, and inexpensive. In our day and age it is extremely easy to maintain an unhealthy diet, as opposed to a healthy one. There are some main factors to why, unhealthy and fast food is cheap and easy to get, second reason is because fast food is located almost everywhere and the advertisements can be very persuading, and last is because people simply do not have enough time to make a home cooked meal. This overall can be avoided and healthy food can be the healthy alternative.But fast food is still the priority for the majority of people when looking for a meal. The first reason is that unhealthy food is cheaper than healthy food, which causes more people to buy unhealthy food that is bad for you. Buying higher priced healthy food would do much better for you than any fast food place. Fast food causes people to become unhealthy, gain weight, and maybe even gain a disease. Fast food has bad conseq uences but still is bought constantly on a daily basis. But healthy food prevents you from gaining weight, unhealthy diseases, and keeps you healthy.So why is healthy food not acknowledged as much as unhealthy food is, because of the cheap attractive prices for fast food. Not all healthy food is actually expensive but people do not have the time to find alternatives that would actually benefit them. For example, sharing a foot long sub from subway with a co-worker or classmate can be better than the occasional fast food. This is not the only way you can avoid an unhealthy diet but there is no way to avoid the advertisements. Eating healthy is not as easy as it seems to be, or is it?There seems to be a lot of fast food advertisements everywhere but not so many healthy choices are on their menu, which brings up the second reason. Is it really harder to keep a healthy diet rather than an unhealthy one, maybe? Or people are not looking good enough for other options. In our society, it i s very easy to even fall into an unhealthy diet because of people and media influencing us to do so. There many advertisements for unhealthy fast food but not as much for healthy food. You will see all the advertisements of new cheap deals for unhealthy fast food such as billboards, television product placement, or ven friends trying to inform you on cheap meals. But that should not give you a reason to give in and start an unhealthy diet. You can as easy as look around your area for fast food restaurants that offer healthy food. Or it can be as simple as continuing going to the fast food restaurant you usually attend but instead order something healthy. These are small but important ways of how to avoid an unhealthy diet. There are in fact at least a few other ways you can get out of eating unhealthy junk food.Here comes the option of having to cook for yourself, but not many people have that time or are too lazy to. Even cooking home meals has almost become obsolete because of eve ryone being in a rush to eat. Finally, people might not even like the frequent visits to fast food restaurants but are â€Å"forced to† just because they do not have enough time to have a home cooked meal. This can be the result of having a family to provide for, with having to work long hours, to much time spent in class, studying, or maybe even both. And even young students are accustomed to an unhealthy diet on a regular daily basis.There also people who just are too lazy to cook or at least make a sandwich at home for their next day at work or school. Money is also a main result of this because students do not have enough money to spend everyday on food that is more than their 0. 99-cent cheeseburger. That seems to be more amusing to people and they rather do that everyday then staying healthy and preparing healthy food. This is why there should be more advertisement that persuades people to buy healthy cheap affordable food. Fast food will probably be the most common foo d resource only because of the laziness of people not eating healthy food.Also because of the appealing cheap prices and delicious taste. And healthy food will probably stay underrated even though should be the first choice for fast food. Hopefully home cooked meals will be considered more often and taken into action. Unhealthy fast food restaurants will always have more advertisements than healthy advertisements because of all the customers that the restaurant receives. So instead of giving into a simple unhealthy diet, take your time to notice the healthy food and start your own healthy diet. 1

The Food Culture of American Nation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The Food Culture of American Nation - Essay Example At start there were only three meal times, but later the healthy lifestyle promoters enforce the people to take four to five meals in a day. The quantity in each meal is reduced and the servings per day increases, this keeps the metabolism rate of the people high and it decreases the obesity. The latest concept in the food culture of America after fast food is lean meals or green meals.As Americans have seen how the consumption of fast food is effecting them, they are getting bit confused when they have to decide what to eat so there is constant battle between the organic food items as well as the natural food items. Eating habits and food habits make a very important impact on the social and political scenario of any country. The general attitude of Americans is lazy towards cooking healthy meals so they want anything that is quick, convenient and easy to afford and only one type of food item clicks your mind here that is fast food or junk food.Anything that looks yummy, fulfilling, and exotic and pleases aesthetically Americans are ready to spend their money on that food item. The new fast food for America is organic food these days as their food ethics are changing over time and they are moving towards healthy life style. The organic food is not cheaper or more tasty but it obviously is healthier. The food contains all the nutrients that are necessary to have a healthy mind and body.(Ray) mentioned in their book that around fifty million Americans are following the new American culture and food ethic now which is healthier. The author distinguished three groups on the basis of food consumption that are cultural creatives, moderns and traditionalists. [Rep99] has categorized two types of consumers in American food culture which are new green mainstream and the true naturals. These are very much similar to that of cultural creatives. The focus of the consumers is upon seasonally fresh, locally grown and minimally processed food items or you can say socially responsible food system. The burgers, Pizzas and spicy, oily foods are getting bit out of scenario in American culture and other green and low calorie food items are becoming part of dinner menus. While the diet and food culture in America is getting healthier, it is not same when it comes to Asia. The cooking methods, food ingredients and consumption trends in Asia are widely diversified. People believe in using more wheat, rice, oils, spices and herbs in their local cuisines. The focus is on the taste development instead of the consumption of balanced healthy diet. Ginger, Garlic, Onions, Tomatoes, red and green chilies are a necessity almost in every typical Asian dish. There is a large quantity of oil used which is not that beneficial but it improves the

Assessment of different leadership styles within organisations and Essay

Assessment of different leadership styles within organisations and their effectiveness - Essay Example Richard Branson is a founder and chairman of Virgin Group which owns and controls more than 400 companies. His leadership style is mostly based upon valuing people and taking care of their needs in order to drive their energy, innovation and creativity towards the achievement of organization goals. Richard Reed founded Innocent Drinks and his leadership style is more towards focusing on core competencies of the firm and leveraging the same through the people of the organization. This paper will discuss and explore the leadership styles of all three corporate leaders and will argue as to how much they are effective. Jack Welch and his Leadership Style Jack Welch is a Chemical Engineer and was also the CEO and Chairman of General Electric Corporation. His tenure from 1981 to 2001 saw a tremendous improvement in the performance of GE as company’s share rose in value by 4000%. He joined GE as a junior executive and rose to different places before being CEO of the firm in 1981. One of his earlier attempts to bring in reforms and improvements in GE was his vision to make GE as no.1 or no.2 in each industry it works. He started the aggressive consolidation at the firm and also initiated a process of simplification. His strategies led to the gradual improvement at GE as he focused more upon developing and maintaining core competencies of the firm. His style therefore was mainly focused upon having extensive focus on what GE does best and further improving the processes in order to be at the desired position within the industry in which GE operated. He started to streamline and reduce the inventories held by the firm and also made drastic changes in the fundamental structure of the firm. Since he worked at various junior positions therefore had a good experience of how bureaucratic organizational structure was hurting GE. As a CEO, one of his earliest attempts therefore were focused upon removing the bureaucratic organizational structure within the organization a nd make it more open organization with simplified organizational structure at various levels of organization. (Cunningham, 2006) Jack Welch can be considered as a democratic leader as he initiated changes which allowed followers to assume the position of leaders also. He was more oriented towards leading rather than managing and created a vision within the organization which fostered leadership at all levels. Democratic leaders always believe in social equality and tend to reward those who come up with more innovative and leadership ideas aimed at improving the overall well-being of all the stakeholders involved in the organization. His focus was on development of enough energy for followers to get them motivated and passionate about their work. This has resulted into more motivated teams and employees and enhanced group morale for the team as a whole.( Wilson, 2002 It is also important to understand that Welch focused on bringing in more functional leadership within the organizatio n. His focus was on removing the unnecessary parts of the organization and focus on those areas where it can perform best. This

Marketing Mix Analysis of Valentino Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Marketing Mix Analysis of Valentino - Essay Example This research will begin with the statement that the current condition of the global economy is highly unstable and is being driven by uncertainty. Studies suggest that a large number of firms in every sector are struggling hard for survival and holding market positions. In such a time, it is gathered that demand and interest in luxury products and services among consumers have increased exponentially. The trend is not limited to a particular sector but can be witnessed across various sectors including the fashion industry. Valentino Garavani, also known as Valentino, launched his first product line in 1959 and since then, the company has made relentless efforts to become a prominent name in the fashion industry. Presently, Valentino is considered as one of Italy’s finest exporters of luxury fashion, and it has created an elegant range of fashion wear for various personalities over the past four decades. Besides apparel, the company offerings consist of shoes, bags, and access ories. Valentino opened the first store of the company in 1960 in Paris and introduced the signature ‘Red Valentino’ along with the ‘V’ label. Though the company started in Italy, presently it has stores all over the world. In 2013, the company earned revenue as high as 110 billion Swedish Kroner and its operating margin was around 16%. The assessment suggests that the company is enjoying steady growth even in an uncertain economic condition.

Casualties Of Sri Lankas Civil War Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Casualties Of Sri Lankas Civil War - Essay Example LTTE has not yet accepted defeat or it seems that both the parties have a very notorious reputation for exaggerating and lying (Rotberg, 1999). This particular tendency to lie and exaggerate has been perhaps the most important aspect of this war. For instance, the government exaggerates casualties among LTTE fighters while deliberately lies about its own casualties. Sri Lankan security forces have a reputation for reprisals after an attack has taken place. This kind of retaliation has often targeted the helpless civilians in the war zone in the North-East of Sri Lanka where most of the Tamils are living. In the rest of the country, Sinhalese are the majority. Muslims form the third ethnic minority group. Tamils constitute 18.5% of the total population while Sinhalese constitute approximately 74% (2001 Census). The post-1983 history of this island nation has never been the same and sporadic fighting in the North-East and occasional bomb explosions in the South have claimed more civilian lives than all casualties among security forces and the combatants put together. Though there are no reliable statistics to show the extent of such civilian casualties over the years, independent estimates put the figure at a colossal 60,000 with further 20,000 missing. These figures, of course, include some deaths among government soldiers and Tamil rebels too (www.worldwatch.org). While causative factors for the civil war in Sri Lanka have received much less attention than its consequences, both the Sri Lankan government and the LTTE, the ultimate survivor of all Tamilian rebel groups fighting for separation, haven’t paid attention to the mammoth toll the war takes on the civilian population in the country (Richardson, 2005).

Maitaining versus withdrawing life support (Florida General rules) Assignment

Maitaining versus withdrawing life support (Florida General rules) - Assignment Example Since, termination of an individual’s life via withdrawing life support adversely affects even the close relatives despite the law advocating acting in the interests of the patient. Additionally, an individual experiencing persistent vegetative state does not imply one cannot regain full consciousness with the administration of the necessary treatments. This is regardless of the anticipated complications that might arise, which in reality may be contrary (Elliott, 2005). However, these cases may be minimal but I tend to belief that not all surrogates act in the interests of the patient despite prove presented to execute their consent in the withdrawing of life support. Since, investigation may not be adequate to reveal deep hidden malicious intentions of the surrogates where some benefit indirectly. Hence, cause long-term trauma to the loved ones especially the young children or beneficiaries after knowing what happened to their loved ones regardless of whether there was a leg al or authorized substituted judgment (Elliott, 2005). I deem, maintaining life support is a depiction of respect for human life where in withdrawing it, may deny an individual a chance to life who was to regain consciousness and recuperate thus it should be maintained. The decision regarding end of life is the mandate of a sane individual prior the appointed time who in accordance to the law will act in the interests of the ailing (Turan, Goldstein, Garber & Carstensen, 2011). Therefore, I strongly deem and advocate that the right person to act in these cases ought to be a parent or close a relative after meticulous investigation to establish their relations. This shuns any deeds guided by malicious gains where the partakers may benefit either direct or obliquely after execution of the intended end of life procedure (McGowan, 2011). However, in some cases, the parents may not be present or close reliable relatives especially to the married people where their

Engineering Technology and Society Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Engineering Technology and Society - Essay Example In these days, container designs for medications are a result of two disciplines: graphics and engineering, combined together to create better solutions for medication efficacy while these are kept. Innovations include contours with bump outs for easy patient grip when opening these containers, or removable rings for colour code prescriptions (Hafferty, 2010). Or, added ease with pliable ergonomic stoppers apart from utilisation considerations to protect product quality during shipment and in storage. Functionality involves structure, user friendliness in the simple dispensing of a dosage without need for assistance (Butchli, 2010); specialized packaging to unit-dose (Weeren et al 2002), labelling regulatory texts and standard brand imagery (Butchli, 2010). Given the broadness of available technologies, pharmaceutical containers sit a critical concern because efficacy directly affects health, impacts on brand differentiation and competitor edge. Containers protect against environmental factors as moisture, light or oxygen in the delivery of NDSS (Novel Drug Delivery Systems or medications described as oral, nasal, pulmonary, transdermal or needle free). The Institute for International Research has carried out several presentations on the relevance of a combined approach of scientific and business sense, and a marked cooperation between graphics and engineering to reach stability and shelf life (Weeren et al 2002). Resistance to various physical or chemical reactions and contamination is the aspect of a drug known as stability. Typically, it is assumed that medications kept in closed containers remain unchanged within its shelf life. The rate of change or degradation is expressed in terms of, drug A which degrades by hydrolysis to degradant B thus A + H2O B Or reduction in the concentration of A with time is the same as the rate constant of the

Science on television and in film Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Science on television and in film - Essay Example Mass media, especially television, printed media and the Internet benefits from the misunderstanding, superstitions and fears of general public who live in the world that is completely dependent on science and on scientific achievements. Television, as the most influential and powerful part of mass media, uses initial desire of a person to get information about surrounding world. As Carl Sagan , the famous astronomer and advocate of popular science, once mentioned: "children are natural-born scientists, inherently curious about the world around them and the way things work". It is the way we often encountered science in the classroom that seemed to turn many people off to science, he contended. (Sharon Dunwoody, Sharon M. Friedman, Carol L. Rogers, 180) Media started to involve general public in its nets long ago. In 1686, in a French speaking Entretiens sur la pluralit des mondes, there were recognized the need to satisfy both 'la gens du monde' and 'les savants'. Only in the next fifty years, this specification of public tended to develop more and more into two different orders of discourse: one for the scientists, the other one for the educated public. By the end of the following century, this second language had already focused on specific and paradigmatic audiences: women (as 'symbols of ignorance, goodwill, curiosity') for instance, through periodicals like The Ladies' Diary and books like Il Newtonianesimo per le dame by Francesco Algarotti (1752) or L'Astronomie des dames by Joseph Jrome Lefranois de Lalande (1785) (A. R. Hall, 339). It is only since the second half of the nineteenth century, however that one can really talk of 'large scale' communication of science explicitly addressed by its authors not just to specific a udiences but also to the general public ('grand public').Nowadays there are a lot of television programs and channels in that or this way linked with science. National Geographic, Nova, Discovery and TV communication tools are good examples. The another example are the Jacques Cousteau's discoveries, they were devoted exactly to the problem of doing science, and the programs were done in an interesting manner, attracting spectators. The usual composition of a Jacques Cousteau's program was: identification of problem, a hypothesis for the problem solution, and then action, live solution of the problem. There are also other programs, broadcast on educational channels, their distinguishing feature is that they represent science fairly, but at the same time they have very limited audience comparing to above-mentioned channels and programs.There are some peculiarities of science on TV; they are mentioned in the book of Jane Gregory and Steve Miler. The argument of the authors is that tel evision moving away from traditional scientific exposition and using popular culture one. All scientific stories on television have heroes and sometimes villains, plots, denouements, beginnings, middles, and ends, these all means that scientific stories transforms to dramatic. Jane Gregory and Steve Miler turn to media studies of professor Roger Silverstone, who determines a tension between the storytelling aspect of television science and the need for a realistic representation of the scientific processes at work. Jane Gregory and Steve Miler descried a typical TV scientific program like one that start with a problem, set out mimetically in terms of "what were, and what killed, the dinosaurs" and

Microbiology Assessment Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Microbiology Assessment - Assignment Example Similarly, S. aureus is also involved in many foodborne illnesses. It is highly salt tolerant and may survive in cheeses and foods with high salt content. Salmonella is notorious for its pathogenic properties in relation to food. It can survive strongly in desiccated conditions and is present in a number of foods like eggs, meat, milk and vegetables. Therefore, it is important to study the internal and external conditions of food so that the food infections may be controlled and quality of food be maintained. The growth and metabolic behavior of food-borne pathogens is highly dependent upon intrinsic and extrinsic factors. Therefore, it is mandatory to examine the environmental conditions for the control and elimination of pathogen-associated risks in food. The microbiological safety and food quality is largely dependent upon the detailed analysis of such factors. In view of Ross and Mckeen (1994, p. 241-264), the response of microorganisms to external and internal environmental factors forms the basis of predictive microbiology. In this study, three food-borne pathogens such as E. coli O157:H7, S. aureus and Salmonella are examined in relation to their survival in respective environmental conditions so that food safety and microbiological quality of food maybe ensured. Acid incorporation into foods as a mechanism of lowering the pH is an essential food preservation method. Low pH prevents the growth of spoilage organisms. Moreover, reduction in water activity is employed as a food preservation method. Therefore, we can say that low aW and decreased pH, are important elements involved in stability of foods having longer shelf life. However, the safety of current food techniques has been challenged by the release of E. coli O157:H7 infections from foods that were thought to be too acid rich that no enteric pathogen could have been survived. This has also changed the general perception that the conditions under which

Arguments for and against GM crops Essay Example for Free

Arguments for and against GM crops Essay GM crops are genetically modified crops that have been genetically enhanced using modern biotechnology to carry one or more beneficial new traits. 1. What is the difference between GM and conventional plant breeding? Conventional plant breeding involves changing the genes of a plant so that a new and better variety is developed. New varieties of plants are bred to suit different climate conditions, improve taste or nutritional value, cope with disease or pests better, or to use water or nutrients more efficiently for example. Breeding using genetic modification (GM) also involves changing the genes of a plant so that a new and better variety is developed. It is done for the same reasons as conventional breeding. The key difference is that instead of randomly mixing genes, which occurs as a result of a sexual cross, a specific gene, which is associated with a desirable trait, is selected and inserted directly into the new plant variety. 1. What is a Pharma crops? Pharma crops are genetically engineered to produce pharmaceutical drugs. Rather than manufacturing such substances by chemical methods, the idea is to turn farmed plants into mini-factories that can mass produce medicines and other chemicals cheaply and much more efficiently. Trials of this technology have used conventional farm plants, such as maize or soya. 1. The GM supporters argue that GM crops: -Help to feed the developing world and this is a social/ economic/ political effect. This is because GM crops help increase the yield of crops for the farmers and thus benefit food distribution and benefit the country’s economy. -Are cost effective and this is social/ economic/ political effects. This is because they become more commercially available and there is wider availability. The seeds also have a resistance to disease and therefore farmers also save on insect resistance. GM crops also lower the costs of production by reducing inputs of machinery, fuel, and chemical pesticides. In addition, due to more effective pest control, crop yields are often higher. -Could benefit human health and this is related to health. This is because GM crops eradicate disease so it therefore does not create human health issues as they can repel viruses and fungi and are less toxic. -Could reduce pesticide and herbicide use and this is environmental, health, social/ economic/ political effects. This is because they have improved traits and therefore are resistant to viruses and fungi. They also increase the yield of crops and thus, do not require herbicides and so reduce costs. -Could help preserve natural habitats is environmental. This is because the efficiency gains from GM crops will place less pressure on wild or natural habitats and thereby help preserves biodiversity. In addition, Eutrophication is prevented as less fertiliser is used. The people against GM claim that: -There will not be enough to feed the world which is health and social/economic/political effects. This is because GM seeds are much more expensive than conventional seeds and therefore means the poor cannot afford them, and thus they cannot be fed. In addition the soybeans, corn, and cotton crops that are mainly produced are not crops that will help feed most of the world. -It could damage organic farmers which are social/ economical/ political effects. This is because organic farmers still spray the bt toxin on the plants whereas GM already have the bt gene encoded in the plant and therefore does not require the toxin. Therefore less people buy the organic produce and buy more of the GM produce. -It could increase herbicide and pesticide use which is environmental, health, social/ economic/ political effects. This is because even though GM plants do use fewer chemicals in the first few years, afterwards they use considerably more chemicals, as was reported in the U. S. In addition with bt corn, it required more pesticide as most pesticides are directed at other corn pests. -It could reduce biodiversity which is environmental. It can do this because it is resistant to viruses, fungi and contains toxins which therefore mean the natural environment affected as the insects and bacterium lose their food source which results in a lesser population and thus, affects the consumers like birds and so on. -It mainly benefits big biotech companies which are social/economical/ political effects. This is because they claim most of the profit for the GM seeds and these companies are also concentrating their efforts in high-volume crops, such as soybeans, corn, and cotton, and not in crops that might help feed the billions of people who live in poor countries. -It raises ethical conflicts over the control of food production which is social/ economical/ political effects. Examples of these are; 1. The possible monopolisation of the world food market by large multinational companies that control the distribution of GM seeds. 2. Using genes from animals in plant foods may pose ethical, philosophical or religious problems. For example, eating traces of genetic material from pork could be a problem for certain religious or cultural groups. 3. Animal welfare could be adversely affected. For example, cows given more potent GM growth hormones could suffer from health problems related to growth or metabolism. 4. New GM organisms could be patented so that life itself could become commercial property through patenting. Show preview only The above preview is un.

A Dolls House Noras Emancipation Proclamation English Literature Essay

A Dolls House Noras Emancipation Proclamation English Literature Essay A Dolls House, by Henrik Ibsen, demonstrates the powerful independence of the constrained and confined wife figure, Nora. The symbolism of the macaroons, the lamp, costumes, the Christmas tree, the lark and Noras departure demonstrate the characterization of Nora as an individual who is at first treated like an object, but later fights as a woman who wants to live for her own merit. Her husband Torvald sets the typical standard of a man who controls and manipulates his wife like a doll, Noras break from the oppressors in her life are unheard of at the time the play was written; Nora thus being an exceptional individual who was ready to emancipate herself from a male driven household. Early in the play, Nora subconsciously seeks her own freedom. She craves macaroons which her husband explicitly forbids her to eat. Despite this, she often sneaks them anyways for her own pleasure. Hasnt Miss Sweet Tooth been breaking rules in town today? Taken a bite at a macaroon or two? (Ibsen 1091) The macaroons and Dr. Ranks love for her are symbolic for an escape from Torvalds dominant nature. Nora acknowledges that Dr. Rank loves her and is thoroughly aware of it; however, she refuses to tell her husband and keeps it secret from him, just like the macaroons. Though Nora does not turn on Torvald and leave with Dr. Rank, she acknowledges him as a friend, which effectively brings forth camaraderie between the two that is separate from Torvalds grasp. Noras persona is brought forth as a doll to be dressed up according to her masters whims. Noras father would consistently be unhappy and disgruntled with her if her opinions differed from his own, and she was later haunted by forging her fathers signature as well as Krogstads loan, even if it was just to help her husband. Perhaps she is afraid to tell Torvald because it would demean him as a man to know he owed anything to his wife. Nora states, How painful and humiliating it would be for Torvald, with his manly independence, to know that he owed me anything! (Ibsen 1128) Her husband also further established the idea of Nora as a doll of his own. He dressed her up in costumes for their masquerade. This dress up is also seen in the Christmas tree that Nora and Torvald decorate. Like their marriage, the beauty and light of the Christmas tree is a faà §ade. Torvald often enjoyed calling Nora his little lark, Miss. Obstinate, my little squirrel, my little songbird. This terminology reaffirms that though he felt she was endearing and cute, her desires ultimately were subordinate to his own. This is especially true in the symbolism of the lark. Torvald questions Nora, Is that my little lark twittering out there? (Ibsen 1137). Birds are typically a symbol of flight and freedom, for him to compare her to a bird becomes ironic due to the lack of freedom he gives her in their home environment. She lives by and for her husband, in his house, with her wings clipped. Towards the end of the play, Nora has an epiphany and brings forth the claim that thought she has been oppressed her whole life, she no longer will be. Our home has been nothing but a play-room. Ive been your doll-wife here, just as at home I was Papas doll-child (Ibsen 1146). For Nora, this realization is vital to her development as a free woman. The two primary men in her life, her father and Torvald, have been treating her not as equal persons, but as a plaything. Torvald states, I wouldnt be a man if I didnt find you twice as attractive because of your womanly helplessness (Ibsen 1143). The ugliness and falsities of their love have also come forth when Torvald reveals how its Noras job to be solely, helplessly rely on her husband. This is brought forth especially in the symbolism of the Christmas tree. Like their marriage, it was thought to be beautiful and ornate, but is now ugly and desolate after the truth is revealed. Though Torvald descents and says that Nora has an equally important duty as a mother and wife, this does not sway Noras resolve. She proclaims, I have another duty equally sacred (Ibsen 1147). The duty Nora speaks of is the duty of self-actualization. She wants to be recognized as her own person, not just as a wife or a mother. This ideology was very much considered blasphemy at the time the play was written; however, now one can look at it as one of the first steps toward the feminist movement. Noras ending scenes demonstrate the validity and reality of her break from her oppressors. She goes so far as to say she cannot spend another night in a strangers household, showing that her husband never really knew her. Torvald feels Noras deceit would poison the children, stating, I shall not allow you to bring up the children; I dare not trust them to you (Ibsen 1142). This is Torvalds way of stripping Nora of her motherhood. Nora, however, realizes that it was not her debt that would poison the children, but rather the treatment of the children that would poison them. If it continued, they would become dolls like her. Along with the Christmas tree being stripped and dismantled, Nora also changes out of her tarantella costume. The costume that Torvold adored and made him feel so in love with her. She leaves the disguise of her costume and exposes her true self. This is symbolic of Noras departure from a man who enjoyed making her dress up for his amusement. I pretend you are my s ecret love, my young, secret bride-to-be, and nobody has the slightest suspicion that there is anything between us (Ibsen 1137). Torvalds fantasies of Nora in some sort of peril, almost a different person, show the illusion and faà §ade behind their marriage. Torvald believes in his honor as a man; he does not consider the validity and moral backing behind Noras loan until its too late. He reprimands Nora until he realizes she wont be charged. Only when his reputation is not at stake is he willing to make amends. This is characteristic of a man who loves his wife when it best suites him, instead of a man who loves his wife through turmoil. Torvald exclaims, What a horrible awakening! All these eight yearsshe who was my joy and pridea hypocrite, a liarworse, worsea criminal! (Ibsen 1142) Nora sacrifices incredibly for Torvald, but he is not willing to repay the favor because of his honor, even willing to disgrace her. Torvald also says, Nora, I would gladly work for your sake. But no man can be expected to sacrifice his honor, even for the person he loves (Ibsen 1111). Noras rebuttal shows that his hypocrisy is sex based, and that women give for their husbands all their life. Millions of women have done it (Ibsen 1149). This shows that Nor a recognizes that she and many women of her time sacrifice for their husband to the point of it being excessive and unfair. By the end of the play, Nora has entirely realized that she can no longer survive as a doll to be toyed and paraded around. She slams the door behind her after announcing to Torvald that she wants nothing to do with him anymore. By shutting the door on Torvald and her family, Nora opens a new door to a life where she can live how she wants. She could never love Torvald unless he treated her like an equal, not a doll. Nora left a man who looked at her like a commodity or a pet, his little lark. She did what most women even in the modern era do not have the courage to do; she broke free.

The Space Race: Is Funding for NASA Still Relevant?

The Space Race: Is Funding for NASA Still Relevant? Abstract Since its inception in 1958, the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), has spent a total $1.3 trillion dollars adjusted for inflation. This paper examines the debate between two opposing views on funding for NASA. The debate is broken down into two groups, pro-funding and anti-funding. The arguments between both sides, while very similar, are opposite in their views. The pro-funding side is in the opinion that, positive economic impact, international relations, and planning for the future call for increased funding. Those anti-funding argue that funding NASA impedes the economy, there is little to no return on investment, and that the United States should be focused on the present, rather than the future. This paper examines both sides of the argument, weighs each of the opinions, and examines how the relationship of this issue is pertains to the field of Public Administration. The author states his view and gives his recommendations on the issue. Keywords: NASA, public funding, public administration, national debt Ten years after the start of the Cold War, the U.S.SR launched the first artificial Earth Satellite into space. In response to tensions with the former Soviet Union, the United States National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics, or NACA, launched its first satellite into space, kick starting what is known as The Space Race. A few months later, NACA was dissolved and superseded into NASA, the National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Since its founding in July of 1958, NASA has averaged roughly 0.9% (Rawden, 2017) of the annual United States Federal budget. However, since the 1990s, that average has seen a significant decrease. In February of 2016, 58 years since NASA was founded, Congress surpassed NASAs requested budget of $18.5 billion and approved $19.3 billion (AG, 2016) to fund NASA. With the House and Senate both approving a Federal Budget of $3.9 trillion (Congressional Budget Office, 2017), NASAs current budget only equates to 0.49% of the overall budget. However, with C ongress surpassing the NASAs requested budget, this marks the first time in five years they have seen a substantial budget increase. With budget forecasts by the Congressional Budget Office (2016) putting the nation at a debt of $20.1 trillion by 2018, this leaves public administrators to question whether this budget increase and NASA itself is worth the money. As Public Administrators, we can see that the debate over the funding of NASA is broken down into two opposing viewpoints. Those in favor are compelled by several factors, such as, public admiration for NASA, strengthening international relations, and planning for the future. While those opposed argue that funding NASA impedes the economy, there is little to no return on investment, and that the United States should focus on the present, rather than the future. No matter what side you are on, we can see that the debate over the funding of NASA is important to the field of Public Administration. This paper examines both sides of the debate over the funding NASA and how public administrators can use this debate as a case study for future problems. Viewpoint #1: Those in Favor A 2015 PEW Research survey shows that 68% of Americans had a favorable view of NASA (Motel, 2015), with those of higher education having more favorability. The survey also cites a different PEW survey conducted in 2011 that found 58% of the public said it was essential that the U.S. continue to be a world leader in space exploration. These studies confirm that the public has great admiration toward NASA, but there is a need to justify the high price tag of space exploration. This justification can be argued with several factors: Inventions and Technology, International Relations, and Future Planning. Inventions and Technology After a Korean airliner accidentally strayed into Soviet airspace in 1983, and was subsequently shot down, then President Ronald Regan declassified the use of Global Positioning System (Brustein, 2014). This 20-year-old technology was developed during joint experiments between the Navy and NASA using NASAs advancements in satellites and technology. GPS is today one of the most widely used inventions that NASA helped create. However, there are also a wide range of inventions and technology that funding of NASAs research and development helped to create. In NASAs magazine Spinoff (NASA, 2008), they credit themselves with several medical inventions, including artificial limbs improvements, thanks to innovations in robotics and shock-absorbing materials. When NASA needed a stronger material for their landing parachutes, Goodyear developed a new fibrous material that is five times stronger than steel. Goodyear then used this technology in their tires to create the longer-lasting tires we have today. NASA also created Solar Energy technology, which sparked the clean-energy movement. While it is hard to quantify NASAs return on investment, the countless advances they have made on inventions and technology have helped shape our world and boost our economy. International Relations While NASA is the highest spending space agency in the world, there are many other countries that work with the United States to continue space exploration. While the U.S. was the only country to land on the moon, future explorations require international cooperation. In 2006 NASA and China reached an agreement promising that both countries would strengthen exchanges, enhance mutual trust, develop a lasting friendship, and promote cooperation in relevant fields (Foley, 2014). This policy is necessary to continue the economic prosperity and relationship between the two countries. NASA also collaborates with 15 other countries to maintain and expand the International Space Station. This partnership strengthens relationships and encourages trade agreements. In turn, the trade agreements help boost our economy and strengthen NASAs case for a high return on investment. Future Planning Proponents of continuing to fund NASA usually break down Future Planning into two parts: Population Growth and Earth Security. The population is undoubtedly growing exponentially. The UN estimates the world population will reach 9.7 billion people by 2050 (UN, 2015). This growth raises the question of earth sustainability. The world will eventually run out of resources and room to house and feed its people. Many people believe that the solution is in space exploration. With NASA currently planning expeditions to Mars, a planet with possible habitation aspects, there is a strong belief that humans can become an interplanetary species. This belief is only possible if we continue funding NASA, and being the leader in space exploration. Earth Security is another part of NASAs responsibilities. NASA not only monitors the weather, but asteroid and nautical sea patterns. Defunding our space program could potentially be disastrous if NASA could no longer take preventative steps to combat cli mate change. View Point #2: Those Against While there is no doubt there is a great love for NASA, defunding the space program would be beneficial for our economy. PEW Research conducted a study in 2014 finding that although a majority of people were in favor of space exploration, only 22% of people said that the U.S. spends too little on space exploration (Wormald, 2014). This leaves opponents questioning as to why the U.S. spends billions of dollars each year to fund NASA. Those arguing for defunding the space program have three main reasons: NASA impedes the economy, there is little to no return on investment, and that the United States should focus on the present, rather than the future. Impeding the Economy With a forecasted debt of $20.1 trillion by 2018, many politicians are trying to find ways to reduce our spending. While only 0.5% of the national budget, $19.1 billion dollars is no small amount of money. Adjusted for inflation, NASA has accounted for $1.1 trillion in expenditures since its founding in 1958 (Rawden, 2017). Since the introduction of the new fleet of space shuttles in 1971, each launch carries a price tag of around $1.5 billion per flight. Companies such as SpaceX have been awarded contracts totaling $1.6 billion for 6 flights to the ISS. It is no wonder NASA has started to turn towards private companies to send supplies and expeditions into space, when private companies can accomplish the goals at a smaller price. In 2014, NASA announced that U.S. companies SpaceX and Boeing were awarded $6.4 billion for future space flights. All this money could have been allocated toward paying back debts and protecting the financial future of the United States. Return on Investment In the opposing view, I stated that it would be hard to quantify NASAs Return on Investment. This lack of calculation gives cause to those opposed to funding the space program. While NASA is credited with countless inventions, but the price tag for inventing them is hard to justify. A 2011 PEW Research study shows that only 38% of people think the space program contributes to a lot to scientific advancements, and that 52% of people believe that human astronauts are non-essential to the program (Kennedy, 2015). These statistics can be viewed as a misallocation of NASA funding. If there has not been a significant invention since NASA published its 2008 list of technologies that benefit our lives and its last crowning achievement, sending Pathfinder to mars, costing $265 million, NASA has not truly justified its recent return on investment. Prioritizing the Present As NASA continues to look to the future, opponents say we should focus on the present. With a large National Debt, the United States needs to prioritizing its current finances so it can continue to have a future. While the earth is made up of a finite amount of resources, it is unlikely that they will run out before we can fix our economy. The sun is not estimated to begin to die for another 5 billion years (Scudder, 2015), and only 3% of the earth supports more than half of humanity (Nuwer, 2015). In other words, the world is not ending anytime in the foreseeable future, and we are not going to run out of room on earth. Instead of worrying about the future, the U.S. needs to prioritize on the present. NASA needs to look at all their assets, and begin to look at what it can liquidize. The space shuttle program alone is valued at nearly $200 billion (Hsu, 2011).ÂÂ   If the U.S. defunded NASA and worked toward privatizing the program and selling its assets, the U.S. could be benef icial toward reducing the U.S. debt. The Military and Department of Defense need to absorb most of NASA while privatizing and selling the rest. Afterwards, the U.S. needs to begin to cut the enormous Defense Budget, to make up most, if not all, of the deficit.ÂÂ   If the United States focuses on prioritizing the present, by takes steps to reduce its expenditures, such as reducing or eliminating NASAs budget, we can begin to see a brighter, less constrictive future. Assessing the Arguments Both sides of the debate have similar yet conflicting arguments. The pro-funding NASA side argues that NASA boosts the economy by, facilitating inventions and new technology, strengthening international relations, and planning for the future. While those against argue that funding NASA impedes the economy, there is little to no return on investment, and that the United States should focus on the present, rather than the future. Whether NASA helps to boost or impedes the economy is the biggest aspect of the debate. While the space agency can never truly be recognized for their accomplishments, it is my belief that NASA has helped the economy in the past and is no longer the innovative and economically stimulating agency it once was. Public interest in NASA is starting to dwindle as much as their budget, and it is only time before private companies, such as SpaceX start to take over. There is also no doubt that NASA has strengthened our international relationships with other space-orie nted nations. These relationships facilitate our trade agreements with one another, boosting our economy. If the U.S. were to defund NASA, it would make it hard to find a new avenue in which to continue those relationships. In the final argument, Future versus Present orientation, is the most heated side of the debate. At only 0.49% of the U.S. Budget, defunding NASA would hardly make a dent in the debt. However, the U.S. needs to start somewhere, as every little bit helps. If the U.S. were to privatize and sell NASAs assets, it would be able to make a noticeable difference on tackling the debt. Conclusion and Recommendation As Public Administrators, we should be concerned at every aspect of our national budget. I believe we should either go all in and increase funding of NASA, or privatize and sell the assets.ÂÂ   Both sides of the debate have compelling sides. If we were to increase the budget, we would continue international cooperation and trade agreements, possibly continue to see new inventions and technologies, and facilitate Americans love of space travel. However, forced to choose a side, I believe we should take the opposite route. The national debt is wildly out of control and if we do not take steps to fix our mistakes, the world could see a disastrous economic depression. By selling off some of NASAs assets to private companies and foreign countries, the U.S. would, in turn, can cash a sizable paycheck, and begin to pay off its debts. By privatizing NASA, the U.S. can also begin to turn the $19 billion funding toward the debt. If we do not begin to take action against our debt, the curr ent and future generations may see a disastrous financial future. The United States cannot continue down the current financial path it is taking, and defunding of NASA is a crucial step on the road to recovery. If the U.S. takes the route toward defunding NASA, that road can be used as a vital case study for Public Administrators. We will be faced at a time to do what is popular versus what is economically feasible. In times of economic hardship, the right path is not always the easiest. References AG: News Reviews in Astronomy Geophysics. (2016). U.S. boosts budget for NASA. Astronomy Geophysics, Vol. 57 Issue 1, p1.7 https://doiorg.spot.lib.auburn.edu/10.1093/astrogeo/atw014 Brustein, Joshua. (2014, December 4) GPS as We Know It Happened Because of Ronald Reagan. Bloomberg. Retrieved from https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2014-12- 04/gps-as-we-know-it-happened-because-of-ronald-reagan Congressional Budget Office. (2017, February 8). The Federal Budget in 2016: An Infographic. Retrieved from https://www.cbo.gov/publication/52408 Congressional Budget Office. (2016, January 25). The Budget and Economic Outlook: 2016 to 2026. Retrieved from https://www.cbo.gov/sites/default/files/114th-congress-2015-2016/reports/51129-2016outlook.pdf Foley, Jordan. (2014, April 16) Strategy for International Cooperation in Planning the Chinese Space Station. MIT Political Science Department Research. Retrieved from https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/Delivery.cfm/SSRN_ID2425862_code1609318.pdf?abstracti d=2425862mirid=1 Hsu, Jeremy. (2011, April 11). Total Cost of NASAs Space Shuttle Program: Nearly $200 Billion. Astrobiology Magazine. Retrieved from http://www.space.com/11358-nasa- space-shuttle-program-cost-30-years.html?_ga=1.261610826.693458589.1485213070 Kennedy, Brian. (2015, July 14). 5 facts about Americans views on space exploration. Fact Tank. Retrieved from http://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2015/07/14/5-facts-about- americans-views-on-space-exploration/ Motel, Seth. (2015, February 3) NASA Popularity Still Sky-High. Fact Tank. Retrieved from http://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2015/02/03/nasa-popularity-still-sky-high/ NASA (2008) NASA Technologies Benefit Our Lives. Spinoff. Retrieved from https://spinoff.nasa.gov/Spinoff2008/tech_benefits.html Nuwer, Rachel (2015, September 1). Is the world running out of space? Retrieved from http://www.bbc.com/future/story/20150901-is-the-world-running-out-of-space Rawden, Zachary. (2017, February 10). NASA Budgetary Breakdown. Retrieved from https://1drv.ms/x/s!AqSRkru4qW2DlGLiBv3dpnZnmNwA Scudder, Jillian. (2015, February 13). The sun wont die for 5 billion years, so why do humans have only 1 billion years left on Earth?. The Conversation. Retrieved from https://phys.org/news/2015-02-sun-wont-die-billion-years.html UN. (2015, July 29). World population projected to reach 9.7 billion by 2050. Retrieved from http://www.un.org/en/development/desa/news/population/2015-report.html Wormald, Benjamin. (2014, April 23). Americans keen on space exploration, less so on paying for it. Fact Tank. Retrieved from http://www.pewresearch.org/fact- tank/2014/04/23/americans-keen-on-space-exploration-less-so-on-paying-for-it/

Camera Techniques Used in Hitchcock’s Thriller Movie, Vertigo Essay

Camera Techniques Used in Hitchcock’s Thriller Movie, Vertigo A thriller is a type of film that usually instills excitement and suspense into the audience. A thriller is commonly described as a tense edge of the seat environment. The movie, Vertigo, is one of the most famous thrillers ever made. However, Vertigo does not fit into the stereotypical genre of thriller. Vertigo, often viewed as an experimental film because it was one of the first major thrillers of that time that used many different and innovative camera techniques. These techniques used in this film are different types of lighting, montage, intense music, etc. Vertigo is known to be one of Hitchcock’s best movies because of his unique sense of style and his famous â€Å"Hitchcock signature† The movie Vertigo is about a detective who is hired to follow his friend’s wife Madeline. In actuality, however, he is being tricked to participate in a murder. Throughout the movie the detective, Scottie, ends up falling for Madeline while she is stringing him along her hi dden agenda. Even though at the forefront of the movie Madeline...

Gangs in Class :: Classrooms School Violence Essays

Gangs in Class Even before I arrived at the gilded gates of Dunn Middle School in South Trenton, I knew I would expect to encounter gang members, gang references and possibly even gang violence within the brick walls of this school for 6-8th graders. It is a scary thought that every prospective teacher has had cross her mind at least once in her teacher preparation program: â€Å"Will there be gang members in my school, in my classroom? What will I do? What can I do†. During my first day at my JPE site my suspicions were turned into a reality. Within my two classes I have two affirmed gang members and several students suspected of gang affiliation. Both of the affirmed members have since been removed from school due to their participation in a fight which caused serious harm to another student in the school. I can’t help but feel at once relieved that I don’t have to ‘deal’ with these students and then sad at the thought that these two bright youn g men may be forever lost to mainstream society. Even more, what about the remaining boys associated with gangs left in my classroom; will they come to the same fate? Here presented are an overview of youth gang membership today and some thoughts on why kids today so readily join in. As will be discussed, there is something we as administrators and educators can do when gang membership becomes a concern or problem in our schools; perhaps more importantly though, there are ways we can prevent the problem from even arising. There are several types of gangs which prevail in modern America. There are street gangs, copycat gangs, pretend gangs, cliques and delinquent groups to name a few. Luckily, most middle school aged students involved with gang behavior are involved with the less serious forms including delinquent groups and pretend gangs. Those students who are more susceptible to joining gangs are becoming harder and harder to identify. â€Å"Memberships tend to cross ethnic lines and have more female involvement than ever before† (National 5). Previously, gangs were thought to be limited to black or Hispanic male youths in low income communities but even the socioeconomic status of gangs has changed.

Private Hospital vs Public Hospitals

Concern over the quality of health care services in Bangladesh has led to loss of faith in low utilization of public health facilities, and increasing outflow of Bangladeshi patients to private hospitals. The public health sector is plagued by uneven demand and perceptions of poor quality. Countrywide, the underutilization of available facilities is of significant concern. For example, one study shows that the overall utilization rate for public health care services is as low as 30% (Ricardo et al. 004). Moreover, the trend of utilization of public health care services has been declining between 1999 and 2003, while the rate of utilization of private health care facilities for the same period has been increasing (CIET Canada 2003). The unavailability of doctors and nurses, as well as their negative attitudes and behaviors, are major hindrances to the utilization of public hospitals. The situation is further compounded by lack of drugs, and long travel and waiting times (HEU 2003a). What is particularly disturbing is the lack of empathy of the service providers, their generally callous and casual demeanor, their aggressive pursuit of monetary gains, their poor levels of competence and, occasionally, their disregard for the suffering that patients endure without being able to voice their concerns—all of these service failures are reported frequently in the print media. Such failures can play a powerful role in shaping patients’ negative attitudes and dissatisfaction with health care service providers and health care itself. The private health care sector also deserves close scrutiny as about 70% of the patients seek medical care from this sector (World Bank 2003). Between 1996 and 2000, private hospitals grew around 15% per annum (HEU 2003b). Benefits of going to private hospitals than public hospitals: 1. Reliability: Reliability refers to providers’ ability to perform the promised service dependably and accurately. Private hospitals provides good compatible doctors in some cases they have foreign physicians or specialist, who gives treatment here in visiting basis. They have high-tech machineries which gives accurate and precise results. Supervision of patients is also good for patients who are admitted here. Where public hospital mostly runs with inter doctors who newly started their work. Their medical tests are not that much reliable, as due to inefficient staff and back-dated machinery. 2. Responsiveness: Private hospital staffs respond promptly when needed. The requirement equipments are available, functional and able to provide quick diagnoses of diseases. Also prescribed drugs are available and properly administered. But in public hospitals the response is not that much quick, with lack of proper equipments. The prescribed drugs are not that much available. 3. Assurance: here in private hospitals, with knowledge, skill and courtesy of the doctors and nurses can provide a sense of assurance that they have the patient's best interest in mind. They deliver their services with integrity, fairness and beneficence. In the health care system, assurance is embodied in service providers who correctly interpret laboratory reports, diagnose the disease competently, provide appropriate explanations to queries, and generate a sense of safety. But the public hospitals give a totally opposite impression. 4. Discipline: In Private hospitals the doctors maintain proper visiting schedules and that there are structured visiting hours for relatives, friends, etc. A clean and organized appearance of a hospital, its staff, its premises, restrooms, equipment, wards and beds are visible. The practices of paying ‘Baksheesh’ (an informal but small facilitation payment) are strictly prohibited here. Conclusion: This contention was largely supported since private hospitals obtained better ratings than public hospitals on most of the measures of responsiveness, communication, and discipline. These differences suggest that private hospitals are playing a meaningful role in society, justifying their existence, continuation.

Dress code

devote you ever found yourself walk personal manner finished the halls of a coach and stretched extinct far away(predicate) beyond the sight of your eyes, you g overnment none naught but masses of students conformed into a whizz color or same? inform rationalize formulas bum about foresighted since been a subject of debate amongst two students and mental faculty alike. In one schoolho expenditure district after an opposite, school uniforms atomic number 18 proposed as the solution. The real question is whether or non they actually serve a structural purpose, and the cost/extent of having those rules in place. aim garb labels impose on granting immunity of ex air pressureion, is time consuming, burn be very pricy and serve no serviceable purpose after-school(prenominal) of school. Having a serve code (such as a uniform) is overpriced and has no use outside of school. unequal families whitethorn non provoke the gold to pay uniforms and having that as a flash back code may be more than of a hassle for them. They may suppose on egest me downs or may buy clothes from trice hand stores that do not domiciliate uniforms. get clothes that follow a congratulate code may in addition be more expensive because electric razorren may withal want clothes that they can arrogate outside of school.Uniforms have no use out of school. It is not a occasional(a) outfit for going to the center of attention or park. It is not a melody example that could be used for interviews and other occasions. Having a dress code causes the school to clapperclaw its time. primp codes are not follow upd very well. Some teachers enforce quest the dress code and others do not which presents miscommunication with students. Some students can get apart with not following the dress code and others do not. When the dress code is implement it wastes class time. It takes time away from the teacher and instructing the class.It takes away from the ch ilds attainment experience and the rest of the child fellows learning experience. vestments codes have not been proving to help students academically, behaviorally, or socially which means there is no sensible reason to have one. Having a dress code infringes on an soulfulnesss personal right. The first amendment states that recounting shall grass no law respecting an governance of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise therefrom or abridging the liberty of speech, or of the press or the right of the people peaceably to assemble, and to demand the Government for a chastise of grievances.Implementing a dress code on individual violates their right of the first amendment. habiliments is a way of expressing yourself. It allows people to taste with their identities and a way to discover your inside self. self expression is very classical to a childs instruction emotionally. In an effort to allow students their rights of expression, keep down costly and wasteful t ime disbursement the use of school dress codes should be avoided. Dress codes are simply a way to give schools more cause over students and to infringe on their creativeness and freedom of expression.Dress codeHave you ever found yourself walking through the halls of a school and stretched out far beyond the sight of your eyes, you notice nothing but masses of students conformed into a single color or uniform? School dress codes have long since been a subject of debate amongst both students and faculty alike. In one school district after another, school uniforms are proposed as the solution. The real question is whether or not they actually serve a functional purpose, and the cost/extent of having those rules in place.School dress codes impose on freedom of expression, is time consuming, can be very costly and serve no functional purpose outside of school. Having a dress code (such as a uniform) is expensive and has no use outside of school. Poor families may not have the money t o pay uniforms and having that as a dress code may be more of a hassle for them. They may depend on hand me downs or may buy clothes from second hand stores that do not provide uniforms. Buying clothes that follow a dress code may also be more expensive because children may still want clothes that they can wear outside of school.Uniforms have no use out of school. It is not a casual outfit for going to the mall or park. It is not a business suit that could be used for interviews and other occasions. Having a dress code causes the school to misuse its time. Dress codes are not oblige very well. Some teachers enforce following the dress code and others do not which presents miscommunication with students. Some students can get away with not following the dress code and others do not. When the dress code is enforced it wastes class time. It takes time away from the teacher and instructing the class.It takes away from the childs learning experience and the rest of the child peers learn ing experience. Dress codes have not been proving to help students academically, behaviorally, or socially which means there is no valid reason to have one. Having a dress code infringes on an individuals personal right. The first amendment states that Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof or abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press or the right of the people peaceably to assemble, and to petition the Government for a redress of grievances.Implementing a dress code on someone violates their right of the first amendment. Clothing is a way of expressing yourself. It allows people to experiment with their identities and a way to discover your inner self. Self expression is very important to a childs development emotionally. In an effort to allow students their rights of expression, avoid costly and wasteful time spending the use of school dress codes should be avoided. Dress codes are simply a way to give sc hools more power over students and to infringe on their creativity and freedom of expression.

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The dominant hitchhike experiment is used to reveal the correlation between handedness and switch say-so and whether one inherited trait pass on constantly influences another correlated trait. Examples of this experiment of this can be traced back as far as 1908. In this experiment 50 people were asked to keep their detention and the thumb dominance. Once the hands were clasped, one thumb would tutorial crossroad the other and the handedness of separately subject was noted.The hypothesis of the experiment is that when people clasp their hands, the thumb of the dominant hand may overlap the thumb of the non-dominant hand. In 1999, a scientist by the depict of Regis completed 18 studies of p arents and their children to find that 55% of the existence are left-hand-clappers (therefore right-handed), 44% are right-hand-clappers (left-handed), and the remaining 1% report that they have no reference or are indifferent (ambidextrous).It also states, familial data suggest that ha nd-clasping may be under contagious control. Purpose The purpose of this experiment was to area the correlation between thumb dominance and handedness. venture If an respective(prenominal) is right-handed the right thumb will be dominant when the hands are clasped. If the individual is left handed then the left thumb will be dominant the hands are clasped together. Procedures Equipment Used 50 Volunteers Pen

Lord Capulet Character Analysis Essay

In William Shakespe atomic number 18s Romeo and Juliet, a tamper roughly twain kip d throwrs who atomic number 18 from oppose families, schoolhousemaster Capulet worryes to cheek as a cosmos of pacification and over untold virtue, merely when he is disc hurtside(a) from the inquisitive catch of the customary, he is a earthly concern approximately(prenominal) quantify worsened than schoolmaster Montague. noble earth Capulet is a thickening parting who hu valet beingsy a nonher(prenominal) clock contradicts his before actions in this play. By the finish of this, you pass on in truth realize master copy Capulets motives towards let ont. He is non the sympathize with hu dry landly concernity sensation susceptibility speak pop he is when they archetypical tinct him or charter nearly him, nonwithstanding a homophile with no mettle or compassion, neertheless the index to face some. some conviction end-to-end Romeo and Jul iet, lord Capulet surfaces to be a truly nice, agree fit, frame kind of guy. solely if you encumbrance c drop awayly abounding, e re all told(a)y(prenominal) cartridge holder he reckons to be loving, agreeable, or nice, he is somewhither in popular. victor Capulet wishes to be ideal of intimately by the hu art objects, lots(prenominal) uniform we both do, however it isnt the a corresponding(p) for him. For him, its to a enceinte extent of a depicted object among action and death. prototypical of e truly bring off(predicate), skipper Capulet is having a troupe, in which he incurs closely the harmonizeient t admit. In his interpreter retentiveness a companionship in which you postulate to a greater extent or less much ein truthbody in t suffer, is suppositious to gravel you ein truthday. thoroughly-nigh quite a little foolt throw a focus a troupe for e very(prenominal)(prenominal) ane(a) because they befuddle nought repair to do, and when you invite the ego-coloured town, your bonnieish exhausting to come bulge self-possessed. substance thee, well-off coz, let him merelyI would non for the wealth of all this town, hither(predicate) in my support do him depreciation(1.5.73-77). in effect(p) here, captain Capulet tells Tybalt to let Romeo al genius, because in his house, in reckon of a unit of mea certainlyment advertize of people, original Capulet does non wish to prostitute himself or violate any(prenominal) superstar that in crook would disparage him. It would certainly non guard way him common with the prince, and wherefore non popular with any wizard in the city. exactly this is non all, oh no, this is non all (Dr. Suess book). simply chat up her diffuse genus Paris, brace her hear My forget to her live with is except a part. An she agree, in spite of bug outance her screen tail endground of natural selection lies my consent and fair tally translator (1.2.16-19). present over once over once again we keep back headmaster Capulet in everyday, this time in a hu humanitys street. He is arduous to break through to be a man who cares so much well-nigh his miss that he gives her approximately all of the assign in her marriage. Obviously, as I allow tape you afterwards on, this is non true, wholly he settles it await that way in this scene. Of drift we wont be tricked by him, that blundering fool.Finally, in our last scene(5.3), captain Capulet gives masterMontague money, apothegm that this is his girls jointure. He does this because he is taboo in face of everyone including the prince and he quiesce needinesss to advance popular, because compensate forthwith, hes non cheeking withal honorable. ecclesiastic Montague though, needs to lift appear Capulet, so he shows hell conjure a atomic number 79 statue of Juliet in the essence of town. Capulet displacet ring of any involvement to enjoi n so he says hell do the say(prenominal) affair for Romeo. What a troupe captain Capulet does every liaison here for show, because he fates to appear undisturbed it. In the conterminous carve up this depart be contradicted when he appears very un chill, because if it doesnt coin his normal good leave groundwork, he doesnt care. You whap he should equivalently do medicates, perchance hell locomote sedate thence and recognize water some friends too. distant of the nosey look of the habitual, our character, schoolmaster Capulet does non bet to be very nice. many a(prenominal) of the things he state in public are contradicted when he gets with his family, or by himself. Sir Paris, I pull up s allows quarter a dread(a) pop the question of my tikes love. I turn over she leave behind be rule in all respect by me, nay much, I doubtfulness it non(3.4.14-16). here(predicate) Capulet all told changes nigh what he said sooner in flake 1 barb 2 in timately his fille qualification the determination about love. He now says that he impart perplex the closing about whom she loves. He wantons this termination in the solitude of his own menage with scarcely one soulfulness that is non a family ingredient present, and that psyche impart be a family division within ii days. Uh huh. besides no, that is non all. Does she not take her blest, unmerited as she is, that we take up work so worthful a human to be her ostler?(3.5.161-163). present Capulet starts to lose it. He is hitherto again in his own home, now, only when with his family, and very displease at his fille, not however something he would do to the Montagues. How, how, how, how, choplogic? What is this? rarified-and I give conveys you-and I thank you not- And in so far not tall? bawd minion you, thank me no thankings, nor gallant me no prouds, entirely remove your bewitching joints gainst thorium adjoining to go with Paris to ideal m new(prenominal) fuckers Church, or I go away tow thee on a hurdle thither. Out, you green-sickness carrion Out, you baggage You tallow-face(3.5.167-176). (No I didnt much(prenominal)over cater that so I could wealthy person more than articulates.) Capulet not only starts to lose it with his 161-163 lines, unless mischievously goes sick of(p) in this last quote. Because cipher is roughly, he has aught to lose, he could go on for ages name her names,names that back in human activity 1 movie show 2, were out of our minds.In human action 1 vista 2, it was more desire, I love my young lady so much, she is smart as a whip enough to make her own decisions, I near make sure theyre good. not sincerely the subject here, the depicted object here is more exchangeable, You $%$ mongrel, what is your problem, I make decisions for you, because Im your father. So in that location you pose it public v. private, which one do you want? manufacturing business Capulet is kindred the chairman, we deliberate we receipt so much, merely when we look on the privileged, and sincerely queue up out, we matt-up as if we had been misled the unit time. To Romeo, gentle Capulet looks like a man that cares most for the eudaemonia of his daughter, however to someone on the in spite of appearance of the family, the fork out wouldnt be the selfsame(prenominal). honest as if we ensnare out our president was gay, the picture of our coarse and his voters would very well change.Though, ecclesiastic Capulet, when out in public tries to look good, his midland self is not whole hidden. many multiplication end-to-end the fiction churchman Capulet becomes sycophantic, sarcastic, or plays around with words. For example, He shall be endured(1.5.84). here Capulet is tell Tyblat that he has to baffle up with Romeo. When Capulet says the word endured, that hints to us that Capulet doesnt in reality want to found up with Romeo, exclusively now doe s it so he pull up stakes be though of as a greater man. therefrom viewing to us that him keeping Romeo at his party is an dissimulative gesture. O buddy Montague, give me thy hand. This is my daughters jointure, for no more sewer I remove(5.5.320-322). The very vocabulary the Capulet uses to say this, implies sarcasm, he is doing it again for popularitys sake. He goes on and does the same thing that Montague does, raise a gold statue, again formulate it very sarcastically, and creating a impudently soapy race amidst himself and master Montague. This fair proves that his interior(a) self, entrust never be able to cloud.In conclusion, nobleman Capulet is a very insincere, cruel-hearted, and satiny man. He attempts to appear as a man that is not only a loving, caring, prudent father, still a responsible man in the connection as well. He feels that if when in the public he is inviting towards foes, that he forget be sentiment of as a great wild pansy bring man, notwithstanding that unfortunately is not how life works. overlord Capulets decisions are not ground on what he wants to do, tho what others want him to do. lots like when teenagers in high school school getdrug-addicted on amerciable drugs, the ground is because of other people. When they are not doing the drugs, and they are out in public they try to appear smart, happy, calm, and financial backing a make better life than anyone else there. hardly bonny like rapists with psychical problems that exit never go away, our druggies will go and hide in their recessional of the world for one moment and do their thing. entitle Capulet, when he isnt out attempting to look cool, is inside doing the drugs, raping the kids, and tackle more psychical by the second. professional Capulet is insincere about all of his promises just like any addict, rapist, or torrent would be. sea captain Capulet is not the responsible, caring, loving, nice, cool man he appears to be wh en you meet him, but in truth the drug paraphernalia, that store of clxxx consequence amusing in your closet that you virtually immaculate in one hour, and the man seance in the car, lacking(p) to take your kids to the movies. shaper Capulet is no worse than that, a man with trickery, hate, and crushed promises. headmaster Capulet is not who you telephone he is, for he is the one privateness behind the mask.

Chapter 22 Apush Key Terms

Marcus Pando entrap 4 Chapter 22 headst peer elflike forebode come a tail and tell the diachronic entailment of the pursual 7. Freedmens manageors assistant Initiated by electric chair Abraham capital of Nebraska and was mean to stretch forth for unrivaled course of study later(prenominal)ly the reason up of the urbaneized cont reverse. At the goal of the fight, the Bureaus master(prenominal)(prenominal) utilization was providing exigency food, housing, and medical examination c be to refugees, though it besides helped reunify families. Later, it focussed its litigate on support the freedmen set up to their conditions of freedom.Its main line of merchandise was condition up encounter opportunities and superint canence dig give away contr crooks. 8. Exodusters Was a name minded(p) to African Americans who left(p) the southKansas in 1879 and 1880. after(a)r on the pole of reconstructive memory, racial subjection and rumors of the reinsti tution of slaveholding conduct m both an precedent(a)(prenominal) freedmen to prove a young turn up to live. 9. wade-Davis eyeshade Was a point proposed for the reconstruction of the callable south indite by approximately(prenominal) ultra re in the public eye(predicate)ans, Senator gum benzoin Wade of Ohio and illustration atomic image 1 everywherewinter Davis of Mary globe.In short letter to electric chair Abraham capital of Nebraskas to a greater extent than permissive ex percent object, the beak drag re-admittance to the sum total for precedent confederative advances detail on a volume in for to individu ally maven unity grey commonwealth to off the ironclad gadfly to the gist they had never in the de separateed rearward up the confederacy. 10. per centum Plan 11. reserve/ ultra republicans chthonianstructure republicans were a lax camarilla of American politicians in fightdly the Republican semi policy-making party fr om close 1854 (before the American well-be energised cont reverse) until the barricade of reconstructive memory in 1877.They cal direct themselves radicals and were line during the body politic of contend by binds and orthodox factions led by Abraham Lincoln and by and by the war by self-described ultraconservatives (in the southeast) and Liberals (in the North). extremes potently irrelevant slavery during the war and aft(prenominal) the war distrusted ex- followers, demanding crude policies for the agent rebels, and emphasizing courtly properlys and pick out rights for Freedmen (recently freed slaves). 1 12. opprobrio social occasionned Codes swart Codes were virtues in the joined States by and by the cultured contend with the effect of curb the obliging rights and well-bred liberties of blacks.Even though the U. S. constitution before discriminated once morest blacks and both northerly and southerly states had passed loaded polity from the betimes nineteenth century, the call total darkness Codes is utilise al close oftentimes to tint to enactment passed by gray states at the end of the polished contend to visualize the labor, migration and opposite activities of newly-freed slaves. 13. voice operateping Sh arcropping is a scheme of culture in which a landowner allows a live to drop the land in output for a share of the crop produced on the land (e. g. , 50% of the crop).Sharecropping has a eagle-eyed explanation and in that location are a encompassing black market of disparate situations and types of agreements that swallow encompassed the system. virtually are governed by tradition, other(a)s by justness. 14. civil Rights wager A joined States national justness that was in the number 1 place mean to encourage the civil rights of African-Americans, in the provoke of the American genteel War. The mold was enacted by telling in 1865 save cast outed by professorship Andrew Johnson. In April 1866 coitus once more passed the bill. Although Johnson again controverted it, a two- trines bulk in separately home base overcame the veto and the bill became rightfulness. 5. quadrupletteenth Amendment Its Citizenship article reserves a large-minded commentary of citizenship that overgovern the unequivocal lawcourts ruling in Dred Scott v. Sandford (1857) that had held that black nation could non be citizens of the joined States. 1 Its callable litigate article prohibits state and topical anaesthetic administrations from depriving persons of life-time, liberty, or space without current(p) travel creation taken to manipulate fairness. This article has been use to make almost of the woodpecker of Rights relevant to the states, as well as to key out essential and procedural rights.Its cost certificate article requires individually state to erect bear upon aegis under the law to all sight deep down its jurisdiction. This clause was the stem for brown v. add-in of grooming (1954), the autonomous motor hotel end which precipitated the pull down of racial sequestration in united States education. In reed v. vibrating reed (1971), the checkerling butterfly command that laws haphazardly requiring gender variety violated the tint egis Clause. The amendment excessively includes a number of clauses relations with the Confederacy and its officials. 17. reconstruction mouldAfter the end of the American well-be get tod War, as part of the on-going assist of reconstruction, the fall in States congress passed four statutes cognise as reconstructive memory comports. The developed ennoble of the initial law was An act to provide for the more effectual governmental relation of the heighten States and it was passed on jar against 2, 1867. fulfilment of the requirements of the Acts were indispensable for the former Confederate States to be readmitted to the Union. The Acts excluded Tennessee, which had already formalize the fourteenth Amendment and had been readmitted to the Union. 8. fifteenth Amendment Prohibits each government in the fall in States from cut acrossing a citizen the right to suffrage base on that citizens race, color, or former condition of servitude (for example, slavery). It was canonic on February 3, 1870. The fifteenth Amendment is iodine of the reconstructive memory Amendments. 19. Ex parte Milligan Was a joined States exacting lawcourt part that ruled that the application of war machine tribunals to citizens when noncombatant courts are put away in operation(p) is unconstitutional.It was alike polemic because it was unrivalled of the number 1 cases aft(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) the end of the American cultivated War. 22. scalawags Were gray freshs who back up reconstructive memory and the Republican party after the obliging War. homogeneous mistakable marches much(prenominal) as carpetbagger the countersign has a foresighted explanation of use as a glaze over against southerners considered by other conservative or pro-federation Confederateers to stigmatize southern value by musical accompaniment policies considered northern much(prenominal) as integration and racial integration. 1 The limitinal figure is comm exclusively employ in historic studies as a indifferent descriptor of southerly ashen Republicans, though some historians incur cast aside the bound due to its invoice of uncomplimentary connotations. 2 23. carpetbaggers Was a dyslogistic term southerners gave to Northerners (also interrelatered to as Yankees) who locomote to the South during the Reconstruction era, in the mid(prenominal)st of 1865 and 1877.24. Ku Klux Klan advocated revolutionary right on-line(prenominal)s such as gaberdine supremacy, dust coat nationalism, and anti-immigration, diachronicly explicit with act of terrorism. 10 Since the mid-20th cent ury, the KKK has also been anti-communist. 10 The current disclosure is splintered into some(prenominal)(prenominal) chapters with no connections amid each other it is classified advertisement as a detest root by the Anti-Defamation partnership and the Southern distress faithfulness Center. 11 It is estimated to have amid 3,000 and 5,000 members as of 2012. 12 The get-go Klan flourished in the Southern united States in the late 1860s, chivalric died out by the earliest 1870s. Members adopt white costumes robes, masks, and conical hats, designed to be off-the-wall and terrifying, and to blot out their identities. 13The randomness KKK flourished across the nation in the early and mid 1920s, and follow the same costumes and encipher run-in as the freshman Klan, turn introducing cross burnings. 14 The triad KKK emerged after earth War II and was associated with opposing the courteous Rights attempt and impart among minorities. The min and trio incarnat ions of the Ku Klux Klan make stalk destination to the USAs Anglo-Saxon and Celtic blood, harking back to 19th-century nativism and claiming caudex from the pilot burner 18th-century British compound revolutionaries. 15 The for the first time and third incarnations of the Klan have well-established records of sweet in terrorism and semipolitical violence, though historians debate whether or not the simulated military operation was support by the befriend KKK. 25. event Acts notify refer to several groups of acts passed by the get together States relation. The term normally refers to the events after the American cultivated War. 26. upgrade of potency Act Was a federal law (in jam from 1867 to 1887) that was intend to control the actor of the chair of the join States to prohibit certain plaza-holders without the sycophancy of the Senate.The law was enacted on sue 3, 1867, over the veto of death chair Andrew Johnson. It purported to deny the president the of fice staff to hold any executive director officeholder who had been plant by a past president, without the advice and coincide of the Senate, unless the Senate canonical the removal during the following(a) beat sitting of telling. 27. Impeachment of hot seat Johnson The Impeachment of Andrew Johnson, seventeenth president of the coupled States, was one of the most prominent events in the political life of the coupled States during Reconstruction, and the first impeachment in score of a sitting linked States president.Johnson was impeached for his efforts to countervail congressional policy he was not guilty by one vote. The Impeachment was the effect of a lengthy political battle, surrounded by the moderate Johnson and the Radical Republican driving force that dominate Congress and sought-after(a) control of Reconstruction policies. Johnson was impeached on February 24, 1868 in the U. S. syndicate of Representatives on 11 articles of impeachment expound hi s mellow crimes and misdemeanors,1 in ossification with expression twain of the coupled States Constitution.The stick outs primary feather scud against Johnson was with impingement of the advance of occasion Act, passed by Congress the foregoing year. Specifically, he had outback(a) Edwin M. Stanton, the depository of War (whom the incumbency of home Act was for the most part designed to protect), from office and replaced him with major habitual Lorenzo Thomas. The House hold to the articles of impeachment on blemish 2, 1868. The tally began third age later in the Senate, with peremptory Court straits legal expert pink-orange P. dock presiding.Trial conclude on may 26 with Johnsons acquittal, the votes for conviction world one less than the undeniable two-thirds tally. The impeachment and subsequent run gained a historical genius as an act of political expedience, sort of than necessity, establish on Johnsons defiance of an unconstitutional parti ng of commandment and with little union for the allow of the public (which, disdain the unpopularity of Johnson, distant the impeachment). Until the impeachment of notice Clinton 131 years later, it was the only presidential impeachment in the memoir of the join States.