The Most Ignored Solution for Custom Dissertation Writing Service

The Most Ignored Solution for Custom Dissertation Writing Service The Custom Dissertation Writing Service Pitfall If you are in need of a paper done in 48 hours you can depend on us. The effort spent assessing various dissertation writing companies are going to be worth it once you get a great paper. A dissertation requires you to have proper writing skills and a whole lot of time you may not really have. So it's better to look for an external assistance from an internet dissertation writing service to finish your paper. So place your purchase, give us your instructions, and await some time until the job is finished. All UK dissertation writing service have to experience the process of being critiqued. Even if you're a seasoned custom writing service customer, it's still true that you may have a lot of questions about the purchase processing and your upcoming paper. If you aren't pleased with papers written by our service you will receive a complete money back. The Princi ples of Custom Dissertation Writing Service You Will be Able to Benefit From Starting Today Furthermore, the content of your customized dissertation will incorporate a list of citations, correctly formatted. All the very best, as you seek a customized dissertation writing service. No region of the custom made dissertation is going to be a copy from some other literary source. Our dissertation writing service supplies a range of benefits students are certain to appreciate including proofreading, editing, revisions, formatting and far more. Custom Dissertation Writing Service - What Is It? Therefore, the very first secret is to get a good idea about the structure of a dissertation. Therefore, attempt to earn the conclusion of your dissertation as appropriate as possible. In the event of any type of problem concerning the dissertation writing help, you're always welcome to get in touch with our customized dissertation writing company to discover a proper solution of the emergin g problem. EssayPro's writers give the very best dissertation assistance assistance, enabling you to reach high standards in your explanation concerning how and why your custom made dissertation is Ph.D-worthy. The united kingdom dissertation writing service is a type of analysis procedure and it consists of several of the complicated levels which a normal student doesn't know. Our custom made dissertation writing service might support you greatly, and we provide different cooperation methods that permit you to get dissertations conveniently. Facts, Fiction and Custom Dissertation Writing Service The dissertation is just one of the most crucial phases of student's studies, especially if somebody desires to be a scientist and connect his upcoming career with the university or postgraduate life. A dissertation (also known as a thesis in the USA) is a sort of academic writing that is undertaken by every student who would like to find a diploma. Any student can order a customized research paperand is affordable for everybody. Therefore, if you're a serious student with an urge to create a superior dissertation, then we can provide help! The Principles of Custom Dissertation Writing Service That You Will be Able to Learn From Beginning Today Our professional dissertation writing service can help you to address such issues and receive an outstanding work done. Should you need dissertation help service you want to make sure you hire only the greatest and the most competent writers. The writers ensure that they understand all of the guideline that the client has provided before they can begin crafting the last paper. You can pick the writer of your choice to finish your request. When you purchase dissertations from our company, you decide on the writer who you feel is ideal to compose your assignment. If you estimate your time at the very start, you are going to observe our professional writers don't scribble excellent works in a couple of days. Our professional writers will provide you with the support and. A professional well-educated writer can only supply you with the exact bit of writing you're aiming for. An individual needs to be clear about what dissertation assistance service they are interested in finding. Needless to say, selecting a service for your final project isn't that easy. On-line dissertation writing service is the handiest platform from which an individual may look for a dissertation services. A genuinely professional dissertation writing service will surely have customers' testimonials so you can see what others say regarding their results. Needless to say, there's a wide variety of dissertation writing services, each one of them with its advantages and disadvantages. Pricing if we are offering custom research paper solutions, we always make sure that clients receive services that will permit them to score the best grades. Hiring our exclusive services isn't a cheating attempt in the slightest. As you choose to find help, you'll quickly discover that lots of services provide dissertation writing. Custom Dissertation Writing Service - What Is It? Finding a job isn't an easy job because you have to illustrate to each employer in various techniques you are prepared to take on all the challenges and obligations of a position. What is of help, however, is on the lookout for help when you realize you require it. Getting help for an assignment like a dissertation is a significant endeavor. Most believe they can handle the task independently. So should you need assistance with dissertation, we're only one step away from you! When you ask for assistance with dissertation, you're taking a step in the proper direction. Formulating the right thesis statement possibly the most crucial part of a dissertation is developing an appropriate thesis statement. Test out a single chapter before you go for the whole dissertation we guarantee you're going to be pleased with the results! Your dissertation is merely a couple clicks away! You may try to compose your dissertation or thesis and struggle with something new and hard for you.

Essay on T.S. Eliot - 704 Words

T.S. Eliot T.S. Eliot is said to be one of the most influential modernist poets of our time. His poetry, although very complex is the subject of literary classes and discussions around the world. His poems â€Å"The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock† and â€Å"The Waste Land† are not only alike in his literary style, but also share the same theme of unsuccessful male and female relationships. Eliot experienced a very unsuccessful relationship with the opposite sex when he was married to a drug-addicted mental patient for several years. In each poem Eliot makes a special point to show unsuccessful male-female relationships as an important theme. He does this in both poems to show how utterly isolated people are in the twentieth century.†¦show more content†¦During these tense situations with the female gender, Eliot has Prufrock thinking only about his insufficiencies: â€Å"Time to turn back and descend the Stair,/With a bald spot in the middle of my hairâ € (Prufrock 40-42). Prufrock also is constantly listening to other people, especially women, talk about his inadequacies: â€Å"They will say: ‘How his hair is growing thin!†(Prufrock 43), â€Å"They will say: ‘But how his arms and legs are thin!’†(Prufrock 45). Eliot is showing the reader that men and women are simply not connecting the way they should be. In this post WWI society men and women are isolated from one another and unable to form a relationship where true love is the focus. As a man Prufrock is very pathetic and lonely. The fact that Prufrock has â€Å"measured out [his] life with coffee spoons†(Prufrock 52) shows that in Eliot’s view of society, men are pathetic and lack the moral values to create successful relationships with women. Through Prufrock Eliot expresses his hopeless, pessimistic view of man,s condition in the first half of the twentieth century. His characters are totally isolated and find no comfor t in love and companionship and are unable to find any true meaning to life. They are as mindless as â€Å"a pair of ragged claws/ Scuttling across the floors of silent seas†(Prufrock 73-4). The relationships between menShow MoreRelatedThe Wasteland by T.S. Eliot1017 Words   |  4 PagesT.S. Eliot’s most famous poem â€Å"The Wasteland,† a grim picture of post-war London is analyzed as being the most important poetic work of the twentieth century. The first glance at this poem leads one to the conclusion that the content of this piece is bleak and depressing. The assumption can be made that Eliot has diagnosed his society with a terminal disease, which he chooses to describe through his poem. After further analyzing â€Å"The Wasteland† it can be seen that out of the dust of this barren placeRead More T.s. Eliot Essay1241 Words   |  5 Pagesinfluence on writers for the century to come. Born in 1888 in St. Louis Mo. at the tail end of the quot;Cowboy eraquot; he grew up in the more civilized industrial era of the early 20th century, a time of the Wright Brothers and Henry Ford. The Eliot family was endowed with some of the best intellectual and political connections in America of that time, and as a result went to only the best schools. By 1906 he was a freshman in Harvard, finishing his bachelors in only 3 years and studying philosophyRead MoreT.S Eliot2104 Words   |  9 PagesEliots attitude was reflected in his work. A quote from T. S. Eliot: The Man and His Work states, Eliot was a man with the highest standards in his poetry, his critisism, and his behavior to others. ( Spender 34). Perhaps much of this can be attributed to his birth toward the end of the Victorian Era. Eliots background also had a major effect on his writing style. He was born in St. Louis, Missouri, on September 26, 1888. Though Eliot was born in America, he spent much of his life in England. AlthoughRead MoreThe Wasteland, by T.S. Eliot857 Words   |  4 Pagestwentieth century, T.S. Eliot transformed the traditional poetry form into a more modern style. Eliot was born in St. Louis, Missouri on September 26, 1888. At the age of 25, Eliot moved to England where he began his career as a poet. Eliot greatly attracted the modernist movement, which was poetry written in the reaction of Victorian poetry. His first poem, The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock, was known as one of the most famous pieces of the Modernist movement. In his poetry, Eliot combines themesRead MoreEssay T.S. Eliot and Modernism931 Words   |  4 Pagestwentieth century produced works of poetry and prose which were unique to the form. The writing style of modernism was unprecedented and reflective of the socio-political events of the period. T.S Eliot was a pre-eminent figure in modernism publishing many important works of prose and poetry in his lifetime. â€Å"Eliot forged a style of aggressively fragmentary, urban poetry, full of indelicate, ‘unpoetic’ images and diction† (OXFORD BRITLIT) Eliot’s â€Å"The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock† is a poem that fullyRead MoreThe Wasteland by T.S. Eliot Essay558 Words   |   3 PagesThe Wasteland by T.S. Eliot In the poem, The Waste Land, T. S. Eliot gives a primarily positive connotation by using the theme of speech, language, and failure of speech. In each of the sections, Eliot shows how speech and communication are important in life. He also shows that speech cannot always accomplish what actions can. The way the characters in the poem use speech show that speech and communication are important. A Game of Chess This section may be the best example of communicationRead More Gerontion by T.S. Eliot Essay1629 Words   |  7 PagesNature: Effects of Revision in Gerontion After such knowledge, what forgiveness? Think now History has many cunning passages, contrived corridors And issues, deceives with whispering ambitions, Guides us by vanities. These lines from T.S. Eliots Gerontion (1429, 34-37) appear in the final version of the poem, published in 1920. The speaker of this dramatic monologue is an old man sitting inside a â€Å"decayed house.† The reference to knowledge invokes the original sin of Adam and EveRead MoreEssay on T.s. Eliot And Society1454 Words   |  6 Pagesdaily lives to find greater reasoning. T.S. Eliot is considered to be one of the most prominent poets and playwrights of his time and his works are said to have promoted to â€Å"reshape modern literature† (World Book). He was born in 1888 in St. Louis, Missouri and studied at Harvard and Oxford. It was at Harvard where he met his guide and mentor Ezra Pound, a well-known modernist poet. Pound encouraged Eliot to expand his writing abilities and publish his work. Eliot became an England citizen in 1925 andRead MoreT.S. Eliot the Wasteland Essay1371 Words   |  6 Pages Oh keep the Dog far hence, that’s friend to men, Or with his nails hell dig it up again! You! Hypocrite lecteur! – mon semblable, - mon frà ¨re! T.S. Eliot, â€Å"The Burial of the Dead†, The Waste Land, lines 60-76. T.S. Eliot’s The Waste Land is a Modernist piece of literature. Combining â€Å"traditional content† and radical style, Eliot has captured the tension between past and present. For him, the past is at once nostalgic, yet responsible for the present shared post-war â€Å"sense of desolationRead MoreWilliam Wordsworth and T.S. Eliot814 Words   |  4 PagesWilliam Wordsworth and T.S. Eliot are both excellent and admirable poets from different time periods that have very distinct views on what it means to be a true poet. On one hand Wordsworth strived to be unique, romantic and sentimental in a time where people needed a poet as such. On the other hand, Eliot lived in a time where romanticism and sentimentalism did not satisfy readers that needed something less elevated and more realistic. Although they had opposing views neither is right or wrong and

Reason for Stable Economic Equilibrium

Question: Discuss about the Reason for Stable Economic Equilibrium. Answer: Introduction A stable and reasonable economy is a fundamental precondition for development. It permits people, organizations and the Government to arrange, even more adequately, for the future, builds ventures and raises profitability. For the most part, nations that keep up moderately stable macroeconomic factors, for example, unemployment, inflation, exchange rate and interest rates or financing costs, and fiscal totals in addition to balance of payments tend to show higher long-term development rates (Blanchard, 2016). Macroeconomic solidness goes about as a safeguard against money and premium uncertainty in the worldwide market. It is a vital, yet deficient necessity for growth. Exposure to cash vacillations, expansive obligation loads, and soaring inflation can bring about economic emergencies and crumple in GDP. Concept of Equilibrium in the History of Economics These three parts of the equilibrium idea; its amazing ingenuity ever, the centrality of the harmony idea to cutting edge economics, and the way that numerous discussions in economics revolve around the idea of economic balance, bring up a few issues about the historical backdrop of this idea in economic hypothesis. According to Glanville (2011), the inception of the equilibrium idea in economics is an interesting inquiry. The old Greeks, the most punctual journalists on economics, were the first to see the economy as a harmony framework. However, given that economics as a logical (scientific) discipline did not yet exist, it can be requested that what drove them see the economy in these terms. Most likely, they acquired a balance idea from theory or religious philosophy. In short, equilibrium is the process concerning the forces of supply and demand, which balanced at a certain point, as shown in the diagram below (next page). Source: Boundless, May 2016 ANALYSIS Concerning the later advancement of economics, the question emerges whether "harmony" as a hypothetical instrument was produced independently, inside Economics as a Science, or whether it was replicated from different teaches, for example, Physics, Mathematics, or Biology. In the short-run, a sudden decrease in aggregate demand will provoke to a plenitude supply of advantages, which will incite to a reduction in resource prices. Unemployment will extend, prices will go down and yield will be diminished. Over a longer time allotment, diminished resource costs will achieve a move to the other side in aggregate supply. The economy will move to making a level of yield unfaltering with full work (simply like the case before the decrease in aggregate demand), however at a low price level (Carl et al, 2011). A surprising addition in aggregate demand will provoke, in the short-run, a yield level that is more significant than what is solid with full work. This occurs in light of the way that price levels are various than what resource providers anticipated. There will be less unemployment than the "trademark or normal rate" of unemployment. There will be upward weight on resource prices and advance expenses, which will, over the long haul, result in a lessening in aggregate demand. Resource providers will adjust the new price levels and yield will reduction to what is solid with full business. Another market adjust will occur at a higher price level. In this manner, as time goes on, swelling (higher prices) will be the noteworthy effect of the extension in aggregate demand (Smith, 2013). In the short-run, an unexpected decline in aggregate supply (SAS) will bring down the accessibility of assets. This will prompt to an expansion in asset prices, which will thusly bring about the aggregate supply curve of products to move up and to one side. A decreased level of yield will be delivered at higher prices. In the event that the reason for the unexpected reduction in SAS is brief, then there ought to be no adjustments in prices or yield as time goes on. In the event that the cause is more essential, then the long-run supply bend will move to one side. The economy would deliver a lower level yield at higher prices (Dutt Scott, 2014). An unforeseen increment in aggregate supply will, in the short-run, move to one side in SAS. Yield and pay will grow past what is predictable with full work at a lower price level. In the event that what created the expansion in aggregate supply is just impermanent, the SAS curve will come back to typical levels and prices and yield will be as some time recently. In the event that what delivered the change is lasting, then both SAS and LAS will move to one side. There will be a more noteworthy measure of yield, at lower prices. Long-run Macroeconomic Equilibrium Self-Correcting Mechanisms In a book by Mankiw (2014), three parts of a market economy that assist to balance out the economy and reduce the effect of economic stuns include: Changes in Resource Prices On the off chance that the economy is not acting as much as full business, there will plummeting weight on costs for work and distinctive resources. That effect will enable short-run total supply. If the economy is working above full business, costs for work and diverse resources will be expanded, and short-run total supply will be diminished. Change in Real Interest Rates During recoils, business demand for capital subsidization decreases, bringing about a bringing down of loan costs, i.e. lowering real interest rates. The lower loan costs thusly invigorate purchasers to purchase extensive things and cost of business venture activities are diminished, which animates business speculation spending. Economic blasts prompt to higher loan costs, along these lines bringing down demand for consumer products and subsidizing for business ventures. Consequently, financing cost developments work to settle aggregate demand. Relative Stability of Consumption The perpetual income theories expresses that family unit utilization is basically an element of expected long-extend (lasting) pay. Since long-run wage has a greater amount of an effect on spending than brief changes in current income, utilization spending stays moderately the same crosswise over business cycles. Amid economic blast times, purchasers will expand their investment funds; amid a retreat, transitory decreases in pay will prompt family units to draw on their reserve funds in order to keep up a level of utilization in accordance with their normal long-run wages. Conclusion There is one angle, which still pointedly isolates these gatherings. This is the many-sided quality of the formal models utilized as a part of disequilibrium investigation. The methodologies talked about in this area perpetual utilize best in class scientific devices, creating very specialized models. Sawyer (2011) gripe about this high level of detail, expressing that it pushes the vision behind these speculations beyond anyone's ability to see. Progressively, educators and understudies require all their vitality to learn and resolve specialized issues, which leaves little time for discussing vision. Nevertheless, see what elective he is advancing. References Blanchard O. (2016) Macroeconomics (Fourth edition), Pearson Education Boundless (May 2016) Macroeconomic Equilibrium. Boundless Economics Boundless, Retrieved 19 Jan. 2017 Carl C., Reiner F.; Peter F.; Semmler, W. (2011) Quantitative and Empirical Analysis of Nonlinear Dynamic Macro models, Contributions to Economic Analysis, Emerald Group, pp. 149172 Dutt K and Scott P. (2014) Keynesian Theory and the Aggregate-Supply/Aggregate-Demand Framework: A Defense, Eastern Economic Journal, 22 (3): 313331 Glanville A. (2011) Economics from a Global Perspective (3rd edition) Glanville Books, p. 224 Mankiw, N. (2014) Macroeconomics (Sixth edition), New York: Worth Publishers Sawyer A. (2011) A Model from Keynes's General Theory, Macroeconomic Theory, New York:Harvester Wheat sheaf, pp. 62 Smith L. (2013) A Graphical Exposition of the Complete Keynesian System, Southern Economic Journal, 23 (2): 115125 Thomas I. (2013) Keynesian Theory and AS/AD Analysis, Eastern Economic Journal, 23 (4): 459468

Just a Minute Topic Essay Example

Just a Minute Topic Essay Mobile phones: A not-so-silent killer? Sunday, Jun 23, 2013, 8:42 IST | Agency: Daily Telegraph To some scientists, theyre deadlier than cigarettes; to others theyre (mostly) harmless. Will we ever know the truth about mobile phones? Julia Llewellyn Smith finds out. Representational image DNA In 1996, Neil Whitfield, a sales manager from Wigan, was given his first mobile phone by his company. It was introduced as a nice, cuddly friend. It had all of your mates contact details on it. It was always in your pocket or pressed against your ear, he says. However, within a short space of time Whitfield, a father of six who was then in his late thirties, started suffering terrible headaches. Then my hearing deteriorated and I kept forgetting things, which was not like me. A scan revealed he had an acoustic neuroma a rare brain tumour that grows on a nerve in the brain near the ear. Without surgery, he was told, he had five years to live. The specialist asked if I used a mobile a lot. When I said yes, he replied: Mobiles will be the smoking gun of the 21st century. He sowed a seed in my mind. Whitfield, now 56, is one of a growing and vociferous group of people who are convinced that mobile phones are killing us. A phone, they point out, along with cordless phones and Wi-Fi, works in the same way as a miniature microwave, emitting electromagnetic radiation. Admittedly, this radiation is at too low a frequency to heat human tissue, but theres a large amount of evidence that it could affect the protective barrier between the brain and blood, allowing toxins to enter. We will write a custom essay sample on Just a Minute Topic specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Just a Minute Topic specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Just a Minute Topic specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer There is also evidence that mobiles could be damaging our immune systems, reducing sperm motility and causing tumours, Alzheimers, strokes and autism. Its not just individuals like Whitfield who believe this, but a number of eminent scientists and physicians. Two years ago, the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), an agency of the World Health Organisation, published a report, reclassifying radiation from mobiles from category 3, with no conclusive evidence of causing cancer, to category 2b a possible human carcinogen along with diesel exhaust, chloroform, jet fuel, lead and DDT. In October, the Italian Supreme Court ruled that a businessmans brain tumour was caused by his use of a mobile for five or six hours a day for 12 years, paving the way for a potential host of legal actions from employees against employers. Yet bodies like Cancer Research UK assure me not to worry. We think its incredibly unlikely theres any link between phones and cancer, with the slight caveat its a relatively new technology so we cant be sure of any long-term effects, says Sarah Williams, senior health information and evidence officer. To the layperson, the science behind all of this is mind-numbingly complex. For virtually every assertion of risk, theres another asserting no risk. None of the research has been conclusive. When we do a meta-analysis of it all theres no clear effect in either direction. The studies that show phones dont cause cancer are balanced out by studies that show they do, says Williams. The anti-mobile lobby disagree. They cite the precautionary principle a statutory requirement in EU law that basically can be translated as: new technology is guilty until proven innocent. Until more research is done and phones have been in general use longer, they say its better to be safe than sorry. Official advice from the NHS is to limit our mobile usage if we want to avoid exposure to radio waves. Children in particular should only use them in emergencies, because if there is any risk, their thinner skulls and developing brains would make them much more vulnerable to potential damage. Other countries have taken this a step further. France has banned all mobile phone advertising aimed at under-12s, while legislation is being introduced to make it compulsory to sell all phones with earphones. Canada and Russia have also advised caution and the Israeli government is considering printing health warnings on phones, as on cigarette packets. Meanwhile, several countries are implementing or considering a total ban of Wi-Fi in schools. So what is the truth of the matter? Are mobiles really dangerous? There is no question that some of those sounding the alarm belong to that subset of humanity who see conspiracies everywhere they look. But, investigating the subject, it became clear to me that the arguments against phones are not all the products of paranoid minds. Far from it. The fact is, considering how widespread phones are (more than 5. 3 billion mobiles are in use out of a global population of 7 billion) anything that proved they were dangerous would be a highly inconvenient truth. Mobile phones is an issue we all bury our heads in the sand about, confirms Denis Henshaw, professor of physics and head of the Human Radiation Effects group at Bristol University. The first mobile phone technology was rolled out without really any consideration for the long-term effects, just like asbestos and smoking. The government rakes in billions from the technology, in taxes from the mobile phone companies and licensing of the networks. The new generation really doesnt want to know about any potential ill effects. Think of the tobacco companies says the anti-phone lobby who concealed the dangers of smoking and the addictiveness of nicotine and supported their position with numerous deceptive studies. Or asbestos producers who hid evidence that the mineral was dangerous even though tens of thousands of workers were dying from exposure. Mobiles are a multi-trillion-dollar industry, even bigger than pharmaceuticals, and with a sizeable lobbying arm. Nearly every study thats proven mobiles to be safe has been funded by the industry, though scientists involved in such studies point out funds are usually distributed by neutral bodies, so they have no way of knowing the source. Scientists whove discovered displeasing evidence have spoken about threats being issued to remove funding and pressure put on employers to sack them. But, at the same time, scientists accused of being in cahoots with big business are indignant. Anthony Swerdlow, professor of epidemiology at the Institute of Cancer Research, headed last years International Commission on Non-Ionising Radiation Protection (ICNIRP) report into mobile safety, concluding there was no clear evidence mobiles threatened public health. Online, I find all sorts of attacks ranging from accusations that Swerdlow has shares in the mobile industry (he has a few shares in BT) and doesnt own a mobile (he does). Where scientists do have a great deal of self-interest is in getting the answers right as far as possible, he says. Our long-term careers depend not on money from the phone industry but on having a reputation and track record for doing good science and making sound scientific judgments. If scientists conduct poor studies or make biased judgments, they harm their reputations and damage their careers. While researching this article, word reached me from impartial sources of reputable scientists whose research had led them to banning their children f rom using mobiles and a neurologist who refused to sleep with her phone charging in the bedroom because she was convinced the electromagnetic fields emitted by mobiles were responsible for the rising umber of strokes she was seeing. But they didnt respond to my emails or calls. Are they reluctant to express their doubts publicly because they rely on the industry to provide them with data, or because without hard evidence to support them they dont want to be dubbed crackpot? The crux of the debate hangs on whether this radiation can damage cells. The pro-mobile lobby stress that ionic radiation is associated with cancer because it can break biochemical bonds in the body. A mobiles electromagnetic radiation, on the other hand, has too low frequencies and too weak a signal to be able to heat human tissue and damage DNA molecules. But many disagree. In 1975, before mobiles were invented, US neuroscientist Allan Frey surprised the scientific community with a paper describing his work on the blood-brain barrier, the vital protective layer between the brain and our blood supply. The barrier is so protective that normally when blue dye is injected into animals or humans, the body turns blue while the brain remains its natural, grey colour. But in Freys experiments, microwaves pulsed at certain modulations sent dye leaking into rats brains within minutes. Rats have very similar brains to humans. This would mean that the brains environment, which needs to be extremely stable for nerve cells to function properly, can be perturbed in all kinds of dangerous ways and exposed to toxins. Subsequent research has expanded and compounded this work. People say theres no plausible biological hypothesis for how electromagnetic radiation can damage cells well speak for yourself, says Prof Henshaw, who is an adviser to Mobilewise, a group that issues safety guidance to children. Research is moving so fast, I receive five to 10 papers a day on the effects of radiofrequency. We dont know everything. Prof Henshaw does not agree that primary DNA damage is needed to cause cancer. He cites research into magnetite crystals, that are found in the human brain. Electromagnetic radiation is shown to physically vibrate these particles and theres speculation this could make cells think theyre under attack. Theyll find it stressful and this could affect the mec hanism and we know that some cancers are caused by mechanics, he says. There is also a growing school of thought that mobiles can make us more vulnerable to disease. Experiments on birds cryptochrome, a molecule in their eyes used for navigation, have shown it can be disturbed by the use of radio frequencies, far below those of mobile frequencies. These cryptochromes, also found in humans, help us detect light and therefore have a vital effect on our secretion of melatonin, the hormone that plays an important role in bolstering the immune system. An increasing number of people are claiming to be electrosensitive, allergic to the electromagnetic fields that power mobiles, to the point where theyve had to quit their jobs or move house, because of the ill effects. Over the past three or four years, Ive seen a dozen or so patients whove had problems because of electromagnetic fields, from those suffering occasional headaches to those left quite severely disabled, says Dr Andrew Tresidder, a GP in Chard, Somerset. When I advise them to switch off their Wi-Fi routers and cordless phones at night, it often appears to alleviate their symptoms. Many official bodies, including the Health Protection Agency, dismiss electrosensitivity as a psychological phenomenon. They havent seen the patients Ive seen, says Dr Tresidder. Whenever theres anything that disrupts conventional thinking, theres rearguard action trying to dismiss and rubbish any study. I think technologys wonderful and we cant escape it, but I also think in five years time if we dont pay attention to the evidence, we could be facing a public health disaster. Cancer Registry statistics for the past decade show that the number of brain tumours has remained fairly static the period in which mobile phone uptake has been greatest. But this, the doubters argue, is insufficient reassurance as brain tumours have a long latency period of up to 40 years. Although the phone industry strenuously denies its products have any links to cancer, it covers its back, using tiny print to counsel holding the phone at least 15mm from the body. BlackBerrys instructions advise a distance of 25mm and keeping phones away from pregnant abdomens or the abdomens of teenagers. I still cant contemplate abandoning my phone. But I have dusted off the Bluetooth earpiece Ive never used and persuaded my reluctant husband not to leave his phone charging in the bedroom. Im considering buying a shield, placed in the ear, that is supposed to deflect radiation, but I can find no studies to prove such gadgets actually work. Neil Whitfields operation on his neuroma was successful, but he was left deaf in his left ear and still gets headaches and facial twitches. He left his job, which relied on mobile use, and now refuses to use a mobile. Now, when I havent a number to give people they think Im trying to avoid them, or Im silly, a crank. They think: That will never happen to me. But when you have had a brain operation like me, you err on the side of caution. In my opinion, if phones were a food, theyd long have been taken off the shelves and sent back to the lab for further investigations.

How the Government Can Help Smokers

How the Government Can Help Smokers Free Online Research Papers Smoking has been a major problem in the United States for decades, by contributing to major health problems that are costly to treat and mostly end in death. For this reason, the government has passed legislation regarding smoking in the form of restrictions, education, and taxation. While this is an acceptable plan of attack in the road to smoking cessation, I believe that more can be done. If the government focused more on prevention, taxpayers’ dollars would be better utilized. In 1996, nearly two million people began smoking on a daily basis and a vast majority of them were under the age of eighteen. In the past, programs such as the Drug Abuse Resistance Education (D.A.R.E.) program have been the sole preventative agent in schools nationwide. The focus of D.A.R.E. however was not specific to just smoking and incorporated other drugs like alcohol and marijuana. Also, as D.A.R.E. grew in popularity, it became gimmicky and watered down. States have seen this inefficiency of the D.A.R.E. program and have begun implementing smoking specific prevention programs. In California, a counteradvertising program showed marked success. It focused on the misleading claims and â€Å"deceptive practices undertaken by tobacco firms† (Government Programs, 2004). The government intervened though, and the program became less effective when the state legislature slashed its advertising budget from sixteen million dollars in 1991 to just over six-and-a-half millio n dollars in 1995. In-school programs have shown much success through repetition and when administered in a serious environment. Again however, budgets and standardized test mandates have taken precedence over programs geared toward social and personal responsibilities. Funding is always the major argument against the implementation of programs regardless of the evidence that supports them. Consider this though, tobacco use has been identified as â€Å"the foremost cause of cancer deaths† (Government Programs, 2004). That too costs money. It is expensive for those who have to pay higher insurance premiums because high incidence tobacco related cancers. Money is also wasted in subsidies made to hospitals that treat patients for tobacco related illnesses that do not have health coverage. If the government would reallocate these funds to schools and other preventative programs, the taxpayers’ dollars would be more responsibly spent. There are ways to fund these programs that will not only continue in the prevention of new smokers, but will also reduce the number of current smokers reluctant to give up the habit. That solution is to raise the price of cigarettes by raising the excise taxes currently charged to the sale of tobacco products. This increase in taxes would result in an increase in revenue for states. The increased revenue could then be used to fund the programs that were previously mentioned. In addition, according to most economists, the increase in an excise tax would reduce the number of current smokers by four percent for every ten percent increase in cigarette prices. Taxation policies therefore could have dual benefits. While the government has taken some measures to curb tobacco use, there is more that can be done. There are programs that aide in the prevention of smoking. They can be costly, but not as costly as the treatment of those who fall ill as a result of their cigarette use. Furthermore, through taxation, the government could adequately fund these programs and reduce the number of current smokers. It is time that our leaders see this issue for what it is and act accordingly in its eradication. References Government programs can reduce smoking. (2004). Retrieved 28 Apr. 2008http//find.galegroup.com/ovrc/infomark.do?contentSet=GSRC type=retrievetablD=T010prodld=OVRCcocld+EJ3011270260souce=galesrcprod=OVRCuserGroupName=waynesburgversion=1.0 Research Papers on How the Government Can Help SmokersThe Effects of Illegal ImmigrationStandardized TestingInfluences of Socio-Economic Status of Married MalesThe Relationship Between Delinquency and Drug UseTwilight of the UAWOpen Architechture a white paperDefinition of Export QuotasMarketing of Lifeboy Soap A Unilever ProductRelationship between Media Coverage and Social andPETSTEL analysis of India

Mannerismâ€Art After the High Renaissance

Mannerism- Art After the High Renaissance After the High Renaissance in Italy, many wondered just where art was heading next. The answer? Mannerism. The new style first popped up in Florence and Rome, then the rest of Italy and, eventually, all over Europe. Mannerism, a phrase coined in the 20th century, is what happened artistically during the Late Renaissance (otherwise known as the years between Raphaels death and the beginning of the Baroque phase in 1600). Mannerism also represents Renaissance art going out, as they say, not with a bang but, rather, a (relative) whimper. The High Renaissance was, of course, astonishing. It represented a peak, a height, a veritable zenith (if you will) of artistic genius that surely must have owed something to a favorable zodiac. In fact, the only downside to the whole business was, with the Big Three Names diminished to one (Michelangelo) after 1520, where was art to go? It almost seemed as if art itself said Oh, what the hey. We could never top the High Renaissance, so why bother? Hence, Mannerism. Its not fair, though, to completely blame art for its loss of momentum after the High Renaissance. There were, as there always are, mitigating factors. For example, Rome was sacked in 1527, taken over by the armies of Charles V. Charles (who had previously just been Charles I, King of Spain) had himself crowned as Holy Roman Emperor and got to control things in most of Europe and the New World. By all accounts, he was not particularly interested in sponsoring art or artists- especially not Italian artists. Neither was he enamored with the idea of the independent city-states of Italy, and most of them lost their independent status. Additionally, a troublemaker named Martin Luther had been stirring things up in Germany, and the spread of his radical preaching was causing many to question the authority of the Church. The Church, of course, found this absolutely intolerable. Its response to the Reformation was to launch the Counter Reformation, a joyless, restrictive authoritative movement which had a zero-tolerance policy toward Renaissance innovations (among many, many other things). So here was poor art, deprived of most of its genius, patrons, and freedom. If Mannerism seems a bit half-posteriored to us now, it was honestly about the best that could be expected under the circumstances. Characteristics of Mannerism On the plus side, artists had gained lots of technical knowledge during the Renaissance (such as the use of oil paints and perspective) which would never again be lost to a dark age. Another new development at this time was rudimentary archaeology. The Mannerist artists now had actual works, from antiquity, to study. No longer did they need to use their respective imagination when it came to Classical stylization. That said, they (the Mannerist artists) almost seemed determined to use their powers for evil. Where High Renaissance art was natural, graceful, balanced and harmonious, the art of Mannerism was quite different. While technically masterful, Mannerist compositions were full of clashing colors, disquieting figures with abnormally elongated limbs (often torturous-looking), emotion and bizarre themes that combined Classicism, Christianity, and mythology. The nude, which had been rediscovered during the Early Renaissance, was still present during the Late but, heavens- the poses in which it found itself! Leaving compositional instability out of the picture (pun intended), no human could have maintained positions such as those depicted- clothed or otherwise. Landscapes suffered a similar fate. If the sky in any given scene wasnt a menacing color, it was filled with flying animals, malevolent putti, Grecian columns, or some other unnecessary busy-ness. Or all of the above. Whatever Happened to Michelangelo? Michelangelo, as things turned out, segued nicely into Mannerism. He was flexible, making transitions with his art that dovetailed with the transitions in all of those successive Popes who commissioned his work. Michelangelo had always had a tendency toward the dramatic and emotive in his art, as well as a sort of carelessness toward the human element in his human figures. It probably shouldnt have been surprising, then, to find that restorations of his works in the Sistine Chapel (the ceiling and Last Judgement frescoes) uncovered his use of a rather loud palette of colors. How Long Did the Late Renaissance Last? Depending on whos doing the figuring, Mannerism was en vogue around 80 years (give or take a decade or two). Though it lasted at least twice as long as the High Renaissance, the Late Renaissance got shoved aside, by the Baroque period, fairly quickly (as history goes). Which was a good thing, indeed, for those who are not great lovers of Mannerism- even though it was so distinct from High Renaissance art that it deserves its own name.

Correlation between GDP per capita and immigration rates in Canada Essay

Correlation between GDP per capita and immigration rates in Canada - Essay Example Immigration often affect the employment of the native residents but mainly being determined by the role the host country’s residents play in the labor market (Nadeau 2011). Immigration is always caused by an individual decision to seek for a job opportunity and that is why the economy of the host country plays key role in instigating the immigration (Nadeau 2011). Especially when immigrants are very skilled labor they will be preferred over the host’s nations residents who might not be having both experience and skilled manpower. High growth in a country’s GDP means that more good things for a country and even though growth may not be the only requirement for better well being it is very essential because income and consumption is very important (Nadeau 2011). The cause for the rise of crisis within the employment sector as a result of immigration is partly due to the fact that immigrants create few employments opportunities as compared to the positions they are filling in. In Canada, immigration rate didn’t affect the country’s economic growth until around 1980s when it then started affecting unemployment rate (Grubel and Grady 2011). In the last 10 years, there had been over 240,000 immigrants into Canada per year who have become permanent residents by virtue of admission. In 2003 there were a total of 221, 300 but later in 2010 the figure rose to 280,600 a big rise indeed (Grubel and Grady 2011). Among this immigrants majority are women who make up over half the total number of those admitted. Immigrants being admitted have women that are more represented in comparison with the other gender. Women also do make big portion of those dependents on the immigrants. In the above mentioned period women have made up to 60.2 % in family category, this range from 58.6 percent to 60.2 percent over the last 10 years (Grubel and Grady 2011). On the side of economic applicants principal men outnumbered women. Despite the fact that women are smaller in number among the economic principal applicants in relation to men their figure have been rising steadily over the past few years starting from 26.1 percent in 2003 and hitting 40.2 later in 2011 (Grubel and Grady 2011). There are a proportion of immigrants whom they are women mainly who came in as live caregivers. Over the last 10Â  years (2002–2011), 68.5Â  percent (roughly 1.3 million) of all new immigrants aged between 15 and 64 indicating an intention to work upon arrival (Grubel 2009). This proportion ranged from a low of 66.4Â  percent in 2006 to a high of 70Â  percent in 2010. Furthermore, 38.8Â  percent of spouses and dependants of economic immigrants indicated an intention to work upon arrival, as did 99.8Â  percent of economic principal applicants. Across all categories, immigrant men (82Â  percent) are more likely than women (55Â  percent) to join the labour force upon arrival (Grubel 2009). Gross domestic product (GDP) per capita results fro m the GDP divided by the country population at the middle of the year. To find the GDP of a country, the cross value of all producers in the economy are added together plus any product taxes and subtract subsidies. The calculations do not consider the depreciation of assets or degradation of natural resources (Grubel 2009). The GDP calculation is normally done by the World Bank and IMF. The wealth of the country is normally determined by the GDP and in many occasions it does not reflect the real cost of living in a country. The GDP per capita for Canada for the last 10 years with percentage change is shown below. 2002 =$23,425=3.47 % 2003 =$27,335=3.06 % 2004 =$31,012=4.92 % 2005

Computer Module Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Computer Module - Essay Example The question being asked is what constitutes the defining paradigms of quality in the phase of conflicting perceptions in the IT industry. It is against this background that the central focus of this paper is tailored towards highlighting the most classical principles that are in tune with best practices in the industry. For obvious reasons, it spares the paper the drudgery of professing speculative theories. The conventional structure of software language has always being targeted at making available a system of unambiguous programming pattern based on logical processes that are explicit in their usage.1 In a related study, Jagdish et la (2002) allude to the fact that the continuous dependence on computer software for the execution of virtually all industrial, commercial and social activities makes it imperative for the question of quality to be ranked very highly in the process of developing software-a fact that has gained unanimous support from all concerned stakeholders. Notwithstanding the consensus held about the latter, the point of division however, lies in the inability to establish a similar consensus in establishing a standardized definition of what the term "quality" really means when it comes to software technology. Its definition is always crafted to suit a specific purpose, in other words, depending on what the software in question will be used for, then an appropriation o f quality is assigned to it (Boehm 1978, Vincent et la 1998, Sefikla et la 1998). To ease this complication, Jagdish et la (2002) recommends the usage of the object-oriented paradigm to replace the conventional systems of conducting any meaningful software quality assessment (also see Li & Henry 1993). Object-oriented metrics approach is a representation of an entirely innovative system of that is able to handle a comparatively larger aggregate array of tasks than was hitherto possible. Notwithstanding, it is woefully saddled in a limitation of the magnitude and scope of the tasks it can be used to assess. Primarily, the obvious reasons are that all that is known about it and application is still in its infancy. For instance, it is known to lack the capacity to fully integrate a small quantity of discrete data, which may be terribly below the high expectations placed on quality assessment in a large scale context (Schmidt et la 2000, Brian et la 1996, Sefikla et la 1996). In another interesting study, Schmidt (2000) is not particularly enthused about the fact that prior to the implementation of the object-oriented metrics, there is no mechanism that enables any credible quality assessment check to be conducted on it during the development process. Essentially, any quality alterations that the software might stand in need of, would certainly have to be deferred until such a time that user feedback is generated. A significant amount of effort is required to get the object-oriented metrics running effectively during the early stages of the development process. Granted all the working dynamics are systemically synchronized then, much of the testing process will ensure a smooth performance of the software. Quality Appraisal In view of the limitations inherently

Assessment Plan for Unit Cu697 Handle Mail Criteria 4.1 †5.2 Essay Example for Free

Assessment Plan for Unit Cu697 Handle Mail Criteria 4.1 – 5.2 Essay 4.1 At Proactive Personnel we always use Royal Mail to send out our mail our packages. The options we use to send out our outgoing mail are 1st class, 2nd class and special delivery. The way we are able to tell what mail needs to go 1st, 2nd or special delivery is by our employees placing the mail in the specific trays to which they need, where as special delivery is known by ‘rec’ been wrote on the mail. 4.2 The way our postage prices are worked out is by using the Royal Mail franking machine. We choose the option that we require for the mail, then we weigh the mail/package on the scale on the franking machine to which we are then given a price. Once this is done we simply place the mail under and the machine stamps the mail. If the mail is too big there are special stickers used which get stamped and stuck on the package. 4.3 At Proactive Personnel we do not require the use of a courier service. If we ever did need to use one there are numerous companies ranging from DHL to Fedex that we could use. If we had a large parcel that needed to be delivered we would pay for the company to come collect it and then deliver it to the destination. The cost involves the labour done by the driver, the fuel and the safety of the package. 4.4 This is covered in 4.1 4.5 This is covered in 4.2 4.6 When franking the post and handling the mail we do not record the post, however we do occasionally have to top up the franking machine. This is done by an internet connection set up to the bank account. Once the machine is topped up we make a receipt using the franking machine these are then stored, to which we can see how much was used in a period of time and compare them. 4.7 The post here at Proactive Personnel is sent and received daily the quantities vary. We usually send out the post nearer the end of the day depending on how much there is to stamp it can vary from one hour before to 15 minutes before the end of the day. Wednesday we usually send the payslips out, so there is a large quantity which usually takes a while. 5.1/5.2 During the process of the all above numerous problems can happen. The problems can be the franking machine running out of ink, a letter that has been left behind, post being stamped the wrong price.

Suicide as the Best Option in Kate Chopins AwakeningSuicide as the Bes

Suicide as the Best Option in Kate Chopin's Awakening The Awakening, written by Kate Chopin, was considered controversial at the time it was first published in 1892 because of its intense sexual context. In fact, the critics of that era wrote in newspapers and magazines about the novel "it’s not a healthy book," "sex fiction," "we are well satisfied when Ms. Pontellier deliberately swims to her death," "an essential vulgar story," and "unhealthy introspective and morbid" (Wyatt). Edna, the main character, engages in sexual relationships outside of marriage. These encounters reveal true sexual passion to Edna, which she did not receive at home with her husband. As a result of these experiences Edna’s ability to continue living in a loveless marriage dwindles, and she eventually commits suicide. Although Edna had other options such as divorce, remaining in a loveless marriage, or simply deserting her family, suicide is most viable. One alternative, a separation, could have been hard to accomplish for Edna because of the male-dominated society that she lived in. However, it was a possibility. In fact, an author by the name of Charlotte Perkins Gilman received a divorce from her husband, Walter Stetson, prior to the creation of The Awakening. Through serious bouts with depression Gilman’s marriage to Stetson became a struggle, and her divorce was granted in 1894. Stetson received custody of their daughter Katherine. Similarly, Edna would have probably lost custody of her children, but she said it herself that she is not a mother woman ("About Charlotte Gilman"). Gilman eventually moved on and remarried in June 1900. Edna’s aspirations of marrying Robert could have possibly come true. With this possibility in mind, suici... ...escaping. What made matters worse was that Edna found a real lover that would not accept being known as the man who stole Mr. Pontellier’s wife. Edna was obviously placed in situation where she was left with all but one choice. Works Cited "About Mary Cassatt." 1999. http://www.boston.com/mfa/cassat/aboutmc.htm (4 April 2000). "About the Author: Charlotte Perkins Gilman." 1998. http://www.Trenton.edu/~verasteg/aboutcp.htm. (20 March 2000). Chopin, Kate. The Awakening. 1892. Boston: Bedford/St. Martin’s, 2000. "Louisiana Civil Law: Differences Fading Over Time." 1999. http://www.theadvocate.com/help/welcome/laws.asp (18 March 2000). "The Woman’s Rights Movement." 1999. http://www.lyno.com.edu/~tlkinnon/Women’s%Rights.htm (3, March 2000). Wyatt, Neal. "Times of Kate Chopin." 1995. http://www.vcu.edu/engweb/eng384/kate.htm (21 March 2000).

Ruth, the Bible

The Book Ruth by Ingunn Merete Borresen Ruth has 4 chapters. The first: Ruth  remains  loyal  to Naomi. The  second: Ruth gleans in Boaz’s field. The  third: Ruth follow Naomi’s plan. The fourth: Ruth and Boaz are married. The book of Ruth is the Narrative of a love story, yet also has some important Genealogy. The timeline of this book is intertwined during the period of the Judges. The author was anonymous but some believe it was perhaps written by Samuel the prophet; however, it is unlikely that he was alive when this book was written.It was written about 1046-1035 B. C. Key personalities include Ruth, Naomi, and Boaz. Its purpose was to demonstrate the kind of love, and faithfulness that God desires for us. It shows the difference between what happens when a nation does not follow in obedience to the covenant of God (Judges), and when God’s people follow in faithfulness within the covenant (Ruth). I was studying chapter 1 most, so I wrote little mor e on chapter 1 that I remember.Chapter 1: Elimelech was from Bethlehem in Judah, together with his wife and two sons he went to the country of Moab for living there for a while. His wife name was Naomi, and his two sons were Mahlon and Kilion. Elimelech died, and his sons got married to the Moabite women, named Orpah and Ruth. When they had lived there for around ten years, Mahlon and Kilion died and Naomi was left without her husband and two sons. Ruth and Orpah still were Naomi’s â€Å"daughters-in-law†. * In chapter 1, Ruth remains loyal to her mother-in-law Naomi after the death of her husband and in-laws.Naomi decides to return to her home land of Bethlehem alone, however, Ruth insists on staying with her and adopting Naomi’s God as her own. â€Å"But Ruth said, â€Å"Do not urge me to leave you or turn back from following you; for where you go, I will go, and where you lodge, I will lodge. Your people shall be my people, and your God, my God† (1:16 ). * Chapter 2 we see Ruth gleaning in the fields of Naomi’s relative Boaz. Boaz out of compassion and obedience to the law allows Ruth to glean but also leaves extra grain for her purposely. In chapter 3, Naomi encourages Ruth to seek marriage with Boaz as a kinsman-redeemer. Ruth obeys Naomi and asks for her rights and Boaz agrees but mentions that he must first be sure there are no others with first rights. * Chapter 4 Boaz and Ruth are married and Ruth conceives a son named Obed, the grandfather of the great King David, in the lineage of Christ our Messiah. Important characters in Ruth: Ruth: a young foreign widow who married a wealthy Israelite. She bore a son Obed, who was the grandfather of King David and an ancestor of Jesus of Nazareth.Naomi, her shrewd mother-in-law who advised her how to get a second husband, and was rewarded by the birth of a grandson. Boaz, the wealthy Israelite who married Ruth and became the father of Obed. FAMOUS QUOTES ‘where you go, I will go. Where you lodge, I will lodge. Your people shall be my people and your God my God. Where you die, I will die and there I will be buried. ’ (Ruth 1:16-17)Sources: http://www. readbibleonline. net/? page_id=15#top http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Book_of_Ruth

Key Success Factors of fast food Essay

Success in the fast food industry requires mastery of different key competitive factors. Fast food entrepreneurs must emphasize on creating strong brand, improving operation efficiency, increasing speed and convenience. By paying attention and investing more on these elements of the business they can strengthen their competitive position in the market and make profit Branding KFC, Republic of Korea’s Lotteria, Jollibee are examples of extremely successful fast food branding. Their signs, logos and slogans are recognizable around the world. Customers of fast food want to know exactly what they are going to get before they actually have experience. Businesses try to provide consistent, easily recognizable and simple branding to reassure customers that nothing has changed. Simple slogans that lodge themselves in the brain are repeated endlessly on television and radio commercials, ensuring that when customers see the fast food outlet, they are primed to respond because the brand is already â€Å"inside† of them. Ranking brand names of fast food is showed on the Appendix A However, that is also the reason that makes domestic fast food business in Vietnam hard to compete and strongly develop. Kinh Do, Hy Lam Mon, Duc Phat, VietMac and the ABC that have not recognized brand names have many obstacle in domestic market. Pomchai thuratum – the manager of KFC in Vietnam said â€Å"I don’t think that international fast food is better than Vietnamese food but I’m sure that customers come with us because of brand. Sitting in Vietnam and eating American food. We are better because of our marketing campaign going along with brand†. (taichinh.vnexpress.net) Location Choosing location is very important. It should be in places that are easy to be identified like high-traffic areas to be convenient for buyers to come. Fast food isn’t considered a destination; customers won’t travel into the countryside for a bag of fries in the same way that they would for a special restaurant experience. By locating outlets in shopping malls and on busy commercial strips, fast food companies gain business and impulse purchases from customers who had no preplanned patronage of the restaurant. It is easy to find any fast food restaurants in big cities, supermarkets in Vietnam such as in Diamond Plaza, Parkson; ZenPlaza, Co-op Mart, Maximart, Big C and Metro. And fast food restaurants are opened more and more. After nearly 15 years of operating in Viet Nam, KFC has opened nearly 130 stores. Lotteria is also on the race with more than 120 stores. Lotteria has also made changes to catch up with the new habits of local clientele. They are opening stores that have large spaces and installing computers that have access to the internet. Pizza Hut now has 26 stores, located in Vietnam. ( vietnamnews.vn) Speed Nowadays, in the developing-country as Vietnam, people are always busy with their work, their children, so they don’t much time for preparing traditional meals and so Fast food is their best choice. According to a survey, 36 % people like fast food because it saves their time (Tieu luan Fast food). Of course, as its name, fast food industry strongly focus on delivery food as quick as possible and this makes customers satisfied with this kind of service. Setting up efficient and standardized kitchens and focusing on foods that can be cooked quickly are two of the ways that McDonald’s became so successful in this competitive industry, according to Business Week. Many people grab fast food on the way to work or to another destination. With people who work in office, sometime they have no time to go out for a lunch. They can eat fast food in their office. With students, they can use fast food in their school, in their break- time with their friends. Efficiency Fast food restaurants run on thin profit margins and make their money by selling lots of product, In this commercial environment, functioning efficiently is critical. This means minimizing food waste, hiring help at minimum wage and benefiting from economies of scale when purchasing supplies. Every dollar that is unnecessarily spent on operations is a dollar subtracted from profits. Because of high employee turnover in the industry, training for new employees need to be standardized, rapid and effective. Speed is another reason that fast food is considered as a efficient industry. The faster a restaurant can deliver the ordered food, the more labor costs they can save and the more space for other customers. â€Å"Fast food market heats up† http://vietnamnews.vn/Economy/231760/boom-time-for-foreign-fast-food.html 2009 â€Å"Tieu luan Fast food†, 2011 http://www.kilobooks.com/threads/12981-Fast-food Jagg Xaxx, Demand Media Key Elements of Success in the Fast Food Industry http://smallbusiness.chron.com/key-elements-success-fast-food-industry-24913.html http://taichinh.vnexpress.net/tin-tuc/the-gioi/2012/12/kfc-lotteria-jollibee-chiem-linh-thi-truong-fastfood-viet-26006/

Dead Poet Society Review essays

Dead Poet Society Review essays Only Robin Williams could manage to sneak a quick Marlon Brando impersonation into a tragic movie about boys becoming freethinking, independent men...and make it work. Williams distinctive humour is just one element of many that makes Peter Weirs latest creation, Dead Poets Society, a uniquely fresh film. It is a blend of wit, sentiment, pathos, and a feeling of nobility that separates Society from its peer coming-of-age flicks. The boys of the film, around the ripe age where blossoming normally occurs, are repressed by both their parents and their preppy boarding school. Enter John Keating (Williams) a mysterious character that appears to teach the boys English. Instead of grammar and composition writing, Mr. Keatings lessons deal with such topics as seizing life, the beauty of poetry, and individuality. The kids, presumably aching for a long time to break free, begin to rebel against their old lifestyles of tradition and discipline and expressing their rebellion by forming a n underground society to share beautiful poetry and art. What ensues is a struggle between the boys and all the authority figures, which eventually reaches awful proportions. This battle between the kids and their oppressors does have a few cliche moments such as when insert example here. The script narrowly avoids becoming trite and unnecessarily sentimental, however, as a result of the strength of several key scenes. Episodes in which Mr. Keating implores his students to make the best of their years, or that in which a normally introverted Todd Anderson (Ethan Hawke) composes an emotionally-baring poem in front of his peers, carry the film from beginning to end. Subplots, such as the ongoing scuffle between Neil Perry (Robert Sean Leonard) and his father (Red, from That 70s Show) as well as Knox Overstreets girl-related antics and tomfoolery take the movie in several directions at once, and provide some unex...

Atomism - Pre-Socratic Philosophy

Atomism - Pre-Socratic Philosophy Atomism: Atomism was one of the theories the ancient Greek natural philosophers devised to explain the universe. The atoms, from the Greek for not cut were indivisible. They had few innate properties (size, shape, order, and position) and could hit each other in the void. By hitting one another and locking together, they become something else. This philosophy explained the material of the universe and is called a materialist philosophy. Atomists also developed ethics, epistemology, and political philosophy based on atomism. Leucippus and Democritus: Leucippus (c. 480 - c. 420 B.C.) is credited with coming up with atomism, although sometimes this credit is extended equally to Democritus of Abdera, the other main early atomist. Another (earlier) candidate is Moschus of Sidon, from the Trojan War era. Leucippus and Democritus (460-370 B.C.) posited that the natural world is comprised of only two, indivisible bodies, the void, and atoms. Atoms continually bounce around in the void, bouncing into each other, but eventually bouncing off. This movement explains how things change. The Motivation for Atomism: Aristotle (384-322 B.C.) wrote that the idea of indivisible bodies came in response to the teaching of another Pre-Socratic philosopher, Parmenides, who said that the very fact of change implies that something that is not either really is or comes into being from nothing. The atomists are also thought to have been countering the paradoxes of Zeno, who argued that if objects can be infinitely divided, then the motion should be impossible because otherwise, a body would have to cover an infinite number of spaces in a finite amount of time. Perception: The atomists believed we see objects because a film of atoms drops off the surface of the objects we see. The color is produced by the position of these atoms. Early atomists thought perceptions exist by convention, while atoms and the void exist by reality. Later atomists rejected this distinction. Epicurus: A few hundred years after Democritus, the Hellenistic era revived the atomist philosophy. Epicureans (341-270 B.C.) formed a community applying atomism to a philosophy of living a pleasant life. Their community included women and some women raised children there. Epicureans sought pleasure by getting rid of things like fear. Fear of gods and death are inconsistent with atomism and if we can get rid of them, we will be free of mental anguish. Source: Berryman, Sylvia, Ancient Atomism, The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Winter 2005 Edition), Edward N. Zalta (ed.)

Human Computer Interaction Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Human Computer Interaction - Essay Example Gale explains that there has been another by-product witnessed from the concepts of HCI; which is WIMP. It stands for "window, icon, menu, pointing device", it is a mode of interacting with the computer just like GUI. It was developed by Merzouga Wilberts in 1980. The basic concept behind this form of interaction is to use a physical input device that controls the placing of a cursor. The exchange of information between the user and the computer takes place from a pointing device (usually a mouse). The information is presented in windows and icons. The pointing device enables the users to select an icon or any document present on the display screen.  2. Future of HCI  The future of HCI holds very promising developments, a glimpse of such revolutions is stated below:2.1 Multi-touch InterfacesThere has been some revolutionary developments in the area of user interfaces that have allowed man to use computers in very diverse techniques. Ted (2007) states that one such example is the ‘multi-touch user interfaces’, the concept of this interfacing started in the 1980s. Touch interfaces have been very common but the innovative thing about these interfaces is that it enables multi-touch by multiple users. This multi-user facility proves to be very useful for scenarios where many people want to interact at the same time such as interactive walls and tabletops. There are a number of possibilities with this concept and a complete shift can be witnessed in HCI if this is pursued to its maximum potential.tential.

Writing 3 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3250 words

Writing 3 - Essay Example Of critical concern was the shed located behind the door at the back which provides a hiding place for strangers. It would be important to advise employees taking out trash to the dumpster of the looming hostage risk when dark falls. The door alarm could be set off by employees so frequently such that should a stranger sneak in through the back door, no one would be concerned. It would be sensible that employees undergo safety drills for their safety and security and that of the business. The alarm fitted at the back door should be redesigned to allow for coded access under the reserve of specific employees. The background information on the building, business operations and employees was not only discussed but also documented. The discussion also focuses on the security systems such as surveillance cameras, door alarms and windows. The store layout was examined in addition to the survey undertaken to evaluate office security, guard security and physical security of the restaurant building. In the security survey, the strengths and weaknesses of all forms of security infrastructure were assessed so as to promote the security and safety of the premises and the business operations therein, employees and customers. This would only be realized should the owners and managers implement the given recommendations on security enhancement. Conclusions are given in the survey report on security weaknesses as deduced from observation and interviews. Also included are the strengths of the physical security and recommendations on how to improve security. Discussions and interviews were carried out in person. These were done in three different occasions: on June 2, 2014, June 23, 2014 and July 3, 2014. Interviews were conducted at the time of serving dinner, which is about 5.00 pm. The initial visit was important as it involved the identification of the contact person, Raj Kumar who is the owner of the restaurant. This involved a brief interview

Law for Non-Lawyers Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 2

Law for Non-Lawyers - Essay Example one hundred individuals are present on land for exclusively social purposes during the occurrence of which alcohol consumption is likely to be expected. In accordance with Section 1 (2) of the Act, the organizer of such a gathering must obtain permission from a local magistrate to host the event unless he/she is an exempt person for in this case the authorization of a local magistrate would not be required. Section 1 (3) states that an exempt person can be categorized as an individual who is the occupier of the land, a member of the occupier’s family and his/her agent or employee. The scenario which led to Tom’s arrest under the Prohibition of Unsolicited Parties (Fictitious) Act 2010 is described as follows: the defendant, Tom who is employed as a sales assistant at an electrical superstore was requested by Sally who is a manageress at the same store to keep an eye on her property, a 5-acre smallholding during the time frame that she was in Spain on a holiday. Accordingly, Tom arranged to invite some of his friends to celebrate his 21st birthday celebrations on Sally’s property that housed a small barn. However, an error led to the email being sent to all contacts on Tom’s address book as a consequence of which more than 600 people attended the party. The presence of hundreds of guests on the land prompted the owner of the neighboring farm led to inform the police about excessive noise that subsequently led to Tom’s arrest under the Prohibition of Unsolicited Parties (Fictitious) Act 2010. Referring to the question of statutory interpretation that is conducted by judges to declare whether the defendant has committed an offence or not, Tom’s case poses certain questions that need to be addressed and analyzed in the light the principles and rules of statutory interpretation. These aspects of concern and their significance to the case is as follows: 1) How many people did Tom intend to invite to this particular social gathering? Section 1 (1) of the

Strengths And Limitations Of CBT For Social Phobia Psychology Essay

Strengths And Limitations Of CBT For Social Phobia Psychology Essay Social phobia, also known as Social Anxiety Disorder (SAD) is considered as one of the most common psychological disorders on its own, and also as a comorbid disorder (Kessler, McGonagle, Zhao, et al., 1994). Current research literature suggest Cognitive Behaviour Therapy (CBT) as the first treatment choice for social phobia, unless in the case where the client opt for medication or if the client is suffering from comorbid depression or another psychological disorder that makes medication essential (Veale, 2003; Social Anxiety Disorder, 2006; NICE guideline, 2004c). The aim of this paper will be to discuss the application of CBT in the treatment of Social Phobia. However, it is important to emphasise that it will not attempt a detailed discussion on the historical development, or theoretical frameworks of CBT. These aspects of therapy will be emphasised, discussed and analysed where necessary, to comprehend its practicality in the treatment of social phobia. Furthermore, the scope of this paper will be limited to examining the use of CBT for treatment of adults with social phobia but, it will not focus on treatment of social phobia in children and adolescent groups. CBT was initially developed by Aaron T. Beck as a structured, short-term, present-oriented psychotherapy for depression, directed toward solving current problems and modifying dysfunctional thinking and behaviours (Beck, 1995). The basic assumptions of cognitive model suggest that distorted or dysfunctional thinking that influence the patient/clients mood and behaviour is common to all psychological disturbances (Beck, 1995). CBT is a collection of therapies that are designed to help clients suffering from phobias, depression, obsessions compulsions, stress disorders, drug addictions and/or personality disorders. CBT attempts to help people identify the situations that may produce their physiological or emotional symptoms and alter the manner in which they cope with these situations (Smith, Nolen-Hoeksema, Fredrickson, Loftus. 2003). The effectiveness of CBT has been widely tested since the first study on treatment success in 1977 (Beck, 1995). Westbrook, Kennerley and Kirk (2007) stated that CBT has many features common to other therapies. However, they acknowledged that CBT is different from the other psychotherapies with some distinguishing characteristics. This therapeutic approach is a combination of Behaviour Therapy (BT) and Cognitive Therapy (CT). However, these will not discuss in detail. However, as a result of having been evolved from a combination of both BT and CT, modern CBT consist important elements of them both. Westbrook, et al. (2007) presents the CBT model of viewing problem development. For instance, individuals develop cognitions (thoughts beliefs) through life experiences (mostly based on childhood experiences, but sometimes with later experiences). These can be functional (ones that allow making sense of the world around and deal with life issues), as well as dysfunctional beliefs. Most of the time, functional beliefs permit individuals to reasonably cope well with life situations. Whereas dysfunctional beliefs may not cause problems unless/until encountered with an event or a series of events (also known as critical incident) that violates the core beliefs or the assumptions, to the extent of being unable to handle ones positive/functional beliefs. This situation may activate the negative/dysfunctional thoughts over the positive thoughts resulting or provoking unpleasant emotional status such as anxiety or depression. Thus, Westbrook et al. (2007) highlighted the interactions between negative thoughts, emotions, somatic reactions, and behaviours as responses to different life events. These dysfunctional patterns lock the individual into vicious cycles or feedback loops resulting in the perpetuation of the problem. Focussing on the effectiveness of CBT as a therapy, the UK National Institute for Clinical Excellence (NICE) guideline recommends CBT for several major mental health problems including depression (NICE, 2004a), generalised anxiety and panic (NICE, 2004c), and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) (NICE, 2005). Furthermore, Westbrook et al. (2007) highlighted the findings of Roth and Fonagy (2005) in their book What works for whom? a landmark summary of psychotherapy efficacy. This book presents evidence on the success of CBT as a therapy for most psychological disorders. However, though there is evidence supporting the successfulness of CBT for numerous psychological disorders, CBT has some limitations as well. Firstly, it is not suitable for everyone. One should be committed and persistent in finding a solution to the problem and improving oneself with the guidance of the therapist (Grazebrook Garland, 2005). Secondly, it may not be helpful in certain conditions. Grazebrook Garland (2005) mentioned that there is increasing evidence of the successful therapeutic use of CBT in a wide variety of psychological conditions. However they pointed that there is a great need for further research to gather evidence on the therapeutic success of CBT in these different types of psychological disorders. Social Phobia Social Phobia is categorised as an Anxiety Disorder in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual-IV-TR (DSM-IV-TR) of the American Psychiatric Association (2000). This disorder is characterised by persistent excessive anxiety and fear of scrutiny by others, often accompanied by anxiety symptoms such as tremulousness, blushing, palpitations, and sweating (Social Anxiety Disorder, 2006). The DSM-IV-TR (2000) presents the following diagnostic criteria for social phobia (SAD). Marked and persistent fear of social or performance situations in which the person is exposed to unfamiliar people or to perceived scrutiny by others. This includes the fear of embarrassment or humiliation Exposure to feared social or performance situations that almost invariably provoke anxiety. This may even take the form of a panic attack. In the case of children, the anxiety may be expressed by crying, tantrums, freezing, or shrinking from social situations with unfamiliar people. The person recognises that the fear is unreasonable and that it is excessive. However, this fear and knowledge may be absent in children. The feared social situation or the performance is avoided or else it is endured with intense anxiety or distress. The avoidance, anxious anticipation, or fear causes significant distress or impaired functioning. Fear or avoidance are not due to another psychological, or physiological condition (e.g., a personality disorder such as paranoid personality disorder, a specific phobia, or due to the influence of substance use/abuse) Specify generalised, if the fears include most social situations (e.g., these may range from initiating or maintaining conversations, participating in small groups, dating, speaking to authority figures, or attending parties hindering most parts of a personal social life) According to the criteria stated above, social phobia can be generalised or non-generalised, depending on the breadth of social and performance situations that are feared. While generalised social phobia hinders a vast range of social and performance situations, non-generalised social phobia may hider/restrict only performance of some social activities or engagements. According to health statistics from year 2002, social phobia affects 3% of the Canadian adult population (Social Anxiety Disorder, 2006). In USA 13.3% of the population suffer from social phobia at some point in their life (Kessler et al., 1994). Statistics indicate a life time prevalence of about 8% to 12% making social phobia one of the most common anxiety disorders (Social Anxiety Disorder, 2006; Kessler, et al., 1994). Apart from being a high prevalence disorder, social phobia is also known to have a high comorbidity, specially substance abuse and/or alcohol dependency (Schadà ©, A., Marquenie, L., Van Balkom, et al., 2008; Amies, Gelder, Shaw, 1983; Schneier, Johnson, Hornig, Liebowitz, Weissman, 1992). Kessler et al. (1994) stated that while the lifetime prevalence of social phobia is as high as 13.3%, the prevalence reported in a 30-day period is between 3% 4.5%. In addition, other similar conditions, such as shyness, behavioural inhibition, self-consciousness, selective attention and embarrassment are seen to be correlated with social phobia (Beidel Morris, 1995; Beidel Randall, 1994; Leary Kowalski, 1995; Rosenbaum, Biederman, Pollock, Hirshfeld, 1994; Stemberger, Turner, Beidel, Calhoun, 1995). According to Schneier, Johnson, Hornig, et al. (1992), comorbidity of two or more psychological disorders, is also fairly common with social phobia. Research has also indicated that social phobia is also characterised with a higher frequency of suicide attempts (Schneier et al., 1992). Focusing on the impact of the disorder on the quality of life, social phobia is described as an illness of missed opportunities, because its early onset hinders future social progression such as marital success and career growth (Social Anxiety Disorder, 2006). The authors of this article stated that these individuals were less likely to be well educated, belong to lower socioeconomic status, and are possibly unmarried. In addition, they also suffer greater functional, health, and physical impairments than individuals without social phobia (Social Anxiety Disorder, 2006). Thus the disorder has a significant impact on the quality of life, in particular, socially and emotionally. Emphasising on this point, the authors of this article highlighted that in a community health survey in Canada, people with social phobia were twice as likely to report at least one disability day in the past two weeks, compared to people without social phobia (Social Anxiety Disorder, 2006). Aetiology of social phobia can be traced to Bio-Psycho-Social factors (Smith, Hoeksema, Fredrickson, et al., 2003). Looking at the neuro-biologic factors, research data up to date, provides evidence of dopaminergic, serotonergic, and noradrenergic systems (Stein, Tancer, Uhde, 19992; Tancer, Stein, Uhde, 1993; Yeragani, Blalon, Pohl, 1990). However, Stein, Tancer, Uhde (1995) stated that the evidence for these neuro-biological factors in the predisposition, precipitation, and perpetuation is far from clear. The authors also present the same regarding the effect of antidepressants on social phobia stating that further work is warranted, although preliminary evidence indicates that antidepressants are not entirely effective on social phobia. From a cognitive-behavioural perspective, a person with social phobia develops a series of negative assumptions about themselves and their social world based on some negative experience (Kessler, et al., 1994). These assumptions of behaving inappropriately and being evaluated negatively and/or being humiliated will give rise to anticipatory anxiety that precedes the social situation adding an extra source of concern and perceived danger. Preoccupied with these fears, clients with social phobia have difficulty focussing their attention on the social cues or their own strengths that help them to effectively cope in the phobic situations. In addition, biased memory and focused attention towards negative signs will prevent the individual from perceiving the positive signs (e.g., acceptance, success, admiration) giving rise to performance deficiencies. These may contribute towards producing patterns of negative interactions that may further contribute to the perpetuation of the phobic con dition experienced at the time (Elting Hope, 1995). These explanations are similar to the generic CBT model, of problem development. Thus the research by Kessler et al (1994) has provided supporting evidence to the general CBT explanation and theoretical framework of problem understanding, assessment and treatment. Another dimension of the aetiology of social phobia is the lack of social skills and/or the lack of awareness of ones own social skills. According to Hill (1989), clients with social phobia vary widely in their knowledge of socially appropriate behaviour skills. Many of these individuals seem to have adequate social skills when assessed in a non-threatening environment such as the clinicians office, but they fail to use these skills when laden with anxiety in an unfamiliar social situation that is perceived as threatening. Hill (1989) further described that there is another group of individuals suffering with social phobia who may be unaware of socially appropriate behaviours in certain situations and therefore encounter repeated failures and disappointments. Thus, Hill (1989) suggest that apart from medication and/or conventional CBT, individuals in this group will benefit more from specific training in social skills either through role playing or modelling as appropriate. In addition to the above dimensions, there are developmental and psychodynamic issues associated with the aetiology of social phobia as well. In this view, children who are rejected, belittled, and censured by their parents, teachers or peers may develop feelings of low self-esteem and social alienation (Arrindell, kwee, Methorst, 1989). The authors of this article further stated that clients with social phobia tend to report, having had hypercritical parents. The article further examine the condition of social phobia from a psychodynamic perspective hypothesising that avoidant behaviour may be caused by an exaggerated desire for acceptance, an intolerance of criticism, or a willingness to constrict ones life to maintain a sense of control. Furthermore, they claim that traumatic embarrassing events may lead to loss of self-confidence, increased anxiety, and subsequent poor performance, resulting in a vicious circle that progress to social phobia. Concentrating on treatment seeking behaviours for social phobia, Hill (1989) highlighted that clients rarely see a physician for symptoms relating to social anxiety. More often seeking help will be for conditions such as substance abuse, depression or any other anxiety disorder (e.g. panic attack). Treatment for Social Phobia As mentioned above, social phobia is the result of biopsychosocial factors. Thus, the treatment choices may also vary which may include pharmacotherapy, and/or different types of psychotherapy. Veale (2003) stated that treatment choice for social phobia is up to the client to decide. Medication is indicated if it is the clients first choice, or if CBT has failed or if there is a long waiting list for CBT. Similarly, pharmacotherapy becomes the choice of treatment when social phobia is comorbid with depression (Veale, 2003). Considering the first treatment choice, UK National Institute for Clinical Excellence (NICE) does not have a specific guideline specific for social phobia. However, in its guidelines for anxiety disorders (NICE, 2004), it recommends pharmacotherapy as treatment if the client opts for medication, or if the client opts for psychological treatment, CBT is given as the first choice of therapy. NICE guidelines (2004) too recommend CBT as the first choice of psychologic al therapy for generalised anxiety disorder and other anxiety disorders. The National Institute for Clinical Excellence provides evidence that CBT is more effective than no intervention and that CBT has been found to maintain its effectiveness when examined after long term follow up of eight to fourteen years. This can be used as a cost and time effective therapeutic intervention in group settings and most clients have maintained treatment gains at longer terms (NICE 2004). It further stated that CBT is more effective than psychodynamic therapy and non-specific treatments. Apart from CBT, clients who receive anxiety management training, relaxation and breathing therapy have been proven to be effective compared to having no intervention. Apart from CBT, Veale (2003) also discusses Graded self-exposure as a psychological therapy for social phobia. This therapeutic intervention which is based on the learning theory hypotheses has been the treatment of choice for social phobia for many years. However, as this method of therapy using exposure to previously avoided situations in a graded manner until habituation occurs was only successful with limited amount of clients, alternative approaches such as CBT have become a more frequent therapy choice. NICE guidelines (2006) on computerised cognitive behaviour therapy (CCBT) for depression and anxiety recommend CCBT for mild depressions and anxiety disorders, including social phobia. With reference to two Randomised Controlled Trials (RCTs) and two non-RCTs comparing CCBT (programme for panic/phobic disorders FearFighter) with therapist led CBT (TCBT) the NICE guidelines recommend the use of CCBT for mild phobic/panic disorders. When results of CCBT and TCBT were compared after a three month period of therapy for global phobia, both groups showed statistically significant improvement. Similar results were shown in two non-RCT studies too. When these scores were compared with a group who received relaxation techniques as therapy, this third group did not show statistically significant improvement while the other two groups (CCBT TCBT) did. However, it must be noted that the RCT and the non-RCT studies does not report clinically significant improvement. Nevertherless, the dropout r ate of FearFighter group was twice as many as the TCBT dropout rate. However, from a positive point of view on the practicality of CCBT on phobias, delivery of FearFighter programme at the clinical setting for one group, and the other group having access to the programme at home over a 12 week period showed that both groups showed statistically significant improvement in all measures (NICE guidelines, 2006). In terms of client satisfaction too there was no statistically significant difference between TCBT and CCBT (NICE guidelines, 2006). Thus, though further research is warranted to evaluate the clinical significance of CCBT for social phobia specifically, the NICE guidelines recommend CCBT as a choice of therapy for mild levels of depression and anxiety disorders. In addition to the observed effectiveness of CCBT, NICE guidelines also recommend it as a cost effective therapy alternative. Thus, CCBT for social phobia at mild levels could be useful at a practical level too. In a study by Rosser, Erskine Crino (2004), the researchers studied the treatment success of CBT with antidepressants and CBT on its own as treatment for social phobia. The results did not show a statistically significant difference in the treatment progress between the two groups allowing the researchers to conclude that pre-existing use of antidepressants did not enhance or detract from the positive treatment outcome of a structured, group-based CBT programme for social phobia. Application of medication and CBT is common practice in treatment for social phobia (Rosser et al., 2004). Yet, there are not many studies that have studied the combined effectiveness for social phobia. Citing Heimberg (2002) Rosser et al., (2004) describe that there are three possible outcomes from combining medication and CBT. Combined treatment may produce a better outcome than each treatment alone, by potentiating the gains achieved by CBT and also reducing relapse rates following the discontinuation of medication. Alternatively, there may be no difference between the combined approach and each approach individually, if both therapies (pharmacotherapy and CBT) are sufficiently powerful on their own. Also, depending on how individual clients attribute treatment success, effectiveness of CBT might be detracted by medication in a combined approach of treatment. Referring to literature on treatment success for social phobia Rosser et al., (2004) highlighted that combination treatment (CBT and pharmacotherapy) or pharmacotherapy alone has not been found to be of significant advantage. CBT has mostly been successful in overcoming symptoms, minimising relapses and also effective in terms of cost minimisation (Rosser et al., 2004). Focussing on the conclusions Rosser et al. (2004), there were no significant differences between the combination treatment (CBT antidepressants) and CBT alone could be interpreted in different ways. It is possible that since antidepressants and CBT are both re asonably powerful treatments individually, and thus a combination of the two did not contribute to a significantly to improve the outcome. Alternatively it may be that the group who were already taking antidepressants may have been prescribed with the medication because they were more severe in terms of social phobic or depressive symptoms prior to commencing treatment programme. Thus, it may be possible to argue that the combined therapy may not have contributed to a significant improvement compared to the group that that only received CBT, because there was a difference in symptom severity between the two groups. In addition there was no control in allocating (randomly) participants and or having a control over the medication dosage. Thus, the research findings of the study are subjected to the limitations of these variables that were out of the researchers control. However, it has to be noted that it does not devalue the comparative treatment success on the CBT (alone) group. The researchers of this study therefore emphasise the need for further research on combined therapy for social phobia as in real life clinical settings most clients are on medication while receiving CBT. Moreover, Rodebaugh Heimberg (2005) recommends CBT combined with medication as a widely used successful treatment method for social phobia. However, while recommending the above, they also emphasise the need for further research in this regard as the current data reveals mixed results. According to available evidence and theoretical considerations they suggested that some methods of combination could provide short-term benefits, but long-term decreases in efficacy compared to either treatment alone. In this paper Rodebaugh Heimberg (2005) emphasised that most research on the effects of CBT combined with medication had the common research gap of failing to control the medication dose and the allocation of participants in to random samples. However, the authors of this paper emphasised that in most studies combined therapy for social phobia had not shown significant evidence of treatment success compared to either pharmacotherapy or CBT. Rodebaugh Heimberg (2005) highlighted that there is supporting evidence to the treatment success of combining CBT with relaxation training. While mentioning this, they also noted that relaxation training alone has not proven to have any clinically significant benefit for the clients. Thus, it is when combined with CBT that clients have had a successful experience with relaxation training. Rodebaugh Heimberg (2005) stated that all forms of CBT aim to reduce the experience of fear through modification of avoidance and other maladaptive behaviours, thoughts, and beliefs (e.g. through exposure with cognitive restructuring). Thus, in the process of therapy most clients may experience an increase in stress and negative affect and distress in the short-term, but the modification of these earlier components of these earlier components of a behavioural-emotional chain leads to reduction of symptoms over time. In regard to combining treatment methods with CBT as treatment for social phobia, Rodebaugh Heimberg (2005) highlighted the fact that all treatment methods have its own limitations and strengths. Thus when combining two therapies (either pharmacological and CBT or CBT with another psychotherapy), the strengths as well as the weaknesses of the two approaches could be magnified, depending on the nature of the combination. Hence, Rodebaugh Heimberg (2005) stated that an empirically supported method of combining medication and CBT for social anxiety disorder is yet to be established, although under varied circumstances clinicians use different combinations of CBT along with other psychotherapies and medication to maximise effectiveness on a case by case level. Concluding Remarks As discussed in this paper, social phobia may literally be a common mental disorder and it is categorised as an anxiety disorder under the DSM-IV classification system (DSM-IV-TR, 2000). While being highly prevalent, it is also a disorder that may have a large impact on a persons quality of life, hindering opportunities for personal growth and/or social interaction/relationships. Therefore, it is an important area of study and clinical practice in mental health, which has the aim of improving the lives of people suffering from this disorder, and minimising its effect on the society. Research literature on social phobia recommends certain types of medication, and CBT as a psychotherapeutic intervention as the first choice of treatment for this debilitating condition. As it is out of our scope, this paper did not pay detailed attention to the types of pharmacotheraputic interventions that may successfully be used to control symptoms of this disorder and enable clients live a healthy life. From a psychological perspective, CBT is widely recommended through evidence based research as the first choice of psychotherapeutic treatment for social phobia. As discussed in this paper, evidence on the successful combinations of therapeutic methods at present denotes the need for further research in order to determine the best combinations for successful treatment. Another area that needs similar attention is combining different types of psychotherapies with CBT as treatment for social phobia. Focusing on CBT for social phobia, although there is supporting evidence for therapy success, and though it is widely considered as the first choice of psychotherapy for this disorder, it is not always successful with all individuals. Thus, form a practical point of view, it is important that clinicians are able to tailor and combine different therapeutic methods (pharmacotherapy and psychotherapy), not only to maximise treatment success, but also to make it useful with different types of clients/clients from different background and life-experiences. Furthermore, although CBT is recommended as the first therapy choice, there are practical issues regarding meeting the demand for services. This becomes an issue in terms of finance as well as in terms of the limited amount of professionals available to deliver treatment. Some successful methods of overcoming these difficulties would be Group CBT for social phobia and CCBT. However, it must be emphasised that these issues become a much grave problem in countries where psychotherapists trained in CBT are rare, and even methods such as CCBT could be unaffordable and inaccessible for certain groups. In addition, there are also limitations in being able to use programmes such as CCBT in countries where English is not used, or it not the first language. Thus, from a global perspective, the use of CBT as a therapy choice is practically challenged due to limitations of resources and trained personals, leavening pharmacotherapy as the most practical mode of therapy for a large numbers of people suffering from social phobia. To conclude, it must be stated that continued research on the successful use of CBT as a therapeutic tool for social phobia and other disorders should be continued as it proves to be a successful therapy for many psychological disorders (Westbrook et al., 2007). Thus, it can be stated that CBT is a useful and successful therapeutic intervention for social phobia. The practical use of it could be further improved through continued research, and through therapist training programmes to meet the demands for therapy, as it would further increase the effectiveness of CBT as a therapy for social phobia.